BIOS1063 Exam 1

The influenza name A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 A(H3N2)-like virus, indicated that is the the ______ form of the virus.

A

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection?

A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein. A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell. A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous.

Which of the following best describes a virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

Which of the following best describes the action of B cells?

B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces. B cells change into plasma cells after encountering an antigen and then produce antibodies.

Which of the following statements are true concerning how an influenza virus identifies and infects its target cell?

Proteins located on the capsid of the virus allow the virus to attach to molecules on the surface of a host cell. The capsid proteins of a virus may attach to protein receptors on the surface of the host cell. and Upon identification of a specific protein molecule on the surface of the host cell, the virus can integrate into the host cell.

Which protein structures on the SARS-CoV2 virus identify host cells?

S (Spike proteins)

Which of the following cell types is not part of the nonspecific or general immune system?

T lymphocytes

Which of the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine?

The flu virus evolves rapidly. It takes at least 6 months to develop a vaccine. There are many strains of influenza.

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as the wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures.

analogous

Certain types of influenza virus originate in an ____ host?

animal host

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

antigens specific to the virus

The activities of macrophages

are part of the general or nonspecific immune system

The SARS-CoV 2 virus enters host cells by

attaching to ACE2 receptors.

Natural selection causes mutations.

false

One of the biggest setbacks to influenza research is the lack of ability of viruses to evolve over time. t/f

false

Since viruses never change, an adaptive immune system is not necessary. t/f

false

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ______ cycle.

lytic

The set of instructions or genetic material used by living organisms is

DNA

In living organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA -> RNA -> protein

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

a protein capsid and genetic material.

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures.

homologous

what system consists of several organs and tissues that are involved in filtering and cleaning the blood and interstitial fluids of the body?

lymphatic system

Influenza research involves constructing new vaccines and treatments. t/f

true

Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the __________.

South Pacific Islands

The most common flu vaccine is called a trivalent vaccine because

it contains three different strains of inactivated viruses.

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

The primary target of the influenza virus is the

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system.

One of the four categories of the innate immune system is the inflammatory system. Its role is to

increase blood flow to the infected area isolate the infection to a limited area. allow fluid, containing cells from the immune system, to reach the infected area.

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

"Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

Historically, viruses have not been classified as living organisms. Which of the following characteristics of life excludes viruses from being classified as living organisms?

Ability to process energy and materials

Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of the influenza virus?

An RNA virus enclosed in a spherical capsid surrounded by an envelope with spikes

By recognizing the mechanisms through which organisms change over time, or evolve, we gain insight into which of the following?

How to design better medications such as antiviral agents and vaccines Resistance to insecticides and antibiotics How the organization of life on our planet reflects evolutionary history

Which of the following is true concerning the evolution of COVID-19?

It evolves quickly because it is an virus It has a high mutation rate because it is an RNA virus New strains can jump from an intermediate species to humans

Mutations are constantly occurring in the genetic material.

True

Which of the following statements accurately describes how viruses reproduce?

Viruses are typically a piece of genetic material encased in a protein capsule. They are only capable of reproducing once inside a living host cell.

The immune system's role is to

actively seek and destroy pathogens.

has the ability to target cells of the body that are infected with pathogens, while also responding to any pathogens that are free in the blood or interstitial fluid of the body.

adaptive immunity

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called __________.

antigenic shift

The specific immune system recognizes _______________ found on the surface of the pathogen.

antigens

A virus is a type of _______________ parasite that finds a host cell and hijacks its metabolic machinery so that cell may produce more copies of the virus.

intracellular

After a vaccine is given, the immune system generates __________ for the antigen.

memory B and T cells

In the influenza strain name A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 A(H3N2)-like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2016 in this region.

nineteenth

Antigentic drift (Influenza)

occurs when a mutation causes a change in the H and N spikes on the influenza virus.

antigentic shift

occurs when two different influenza viruses infect the same host cell, and a new form of the virus is manufactured.

The immune system and the lymphatic system work closely together to protect the body from

pathogens

Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a(n) __________ over a period of time.

population

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it.

common symptoms with influenza virus are?

sore throat, congestion, body aches and fever

In the early 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were.. (Darwin's time, not current time)

that species did not change

Mutations represent the source of genetic variation in a population.

true

Natural selection favors variation, which increases the ability of the individual to reproduce and pass the trait on to the next generation, and acts against detrimental traits.

true

Newer vaccines are being designed to use other proteins within the capsid, called core proteins, as the basis for programming the adaptive responses. t/f

true

Scientists are researching ways to use antiviral agents to combat parts of the viral life cycle and the development of a universal flu vaccine. t/f

true