Biostatistics Exam 2

A researcher calculated a correlation between BMI and body fat. The researcher reported the following findings: r = .73. p < .001. Calculate the correlation of coefficient (r2). A. 0.53 B. .44 C. .73 D. .37

A. 0.53

You want to test the effectiveness of vaccines developed to prevent an infectious disease and have access to data from 10,000 patients. Three different companies developed a vaccine and you want to determine if the vaccines decrease infection in comparison to a control group who did not receive the vaccine. You are interested in examining group differences and believe that each vaccine will be more effective than the placebo, but furthermore, you have read literature that suggests that Company A will have a more effective vaccine than Company B or Company C. What is the best test that you could use to answer this type of research question? A. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a prior comparisons B. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with posteriori comparisons C. Independent samples t-test D. Paired samples t-test

A. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a prior comparisons

Examine the following image of four figures (A-D) from our book (Dawson &Trapp, 2004). Each figure (A-D) depicts two regression lines. Which of the following statements describes Figure D (bottom right). A. Both intercepts and slopes are equal. B. Both the intercepts and the slopes of the regression lines differ. C. The intercepts are equal, but the slopes differ. D. The slopes of the regression lines are the same, but the intercepts are different.

A. Both intercepts and slopes are equal.

Queries everyone in a population (select best option) A. Census B. Survey C. Poll D. None of the above

A. Census

The degree to which the items on the instrument are representative of the knowledge being tested or the characteristic being investigated (select best option) A. Content Validity B. Criterion Validity C. Construct Validity D. Face Validity

A. Content Validity

The following F table was adapted from our textbook Dawson &Trapp (2004). What conclusions can be drawn from this F table. A. Given the current sample size, there is 99% power to detect an effect of this magnitude among the groups B. ​Given the current sample size, we have a 1% power to detect an effect of this magnitude among the groups C. ​Given the current sample size, we have a .000035 power to detect an effect of this magnitude among the groups D. .99 of the patients had a positive outcome

A. Given the current sample size, there is 99% power to detect an effect of this magnitude among the groups

Which assumption of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is being discussed: The population variance is the same in each group. A. Homogeneity B. Normality C. Dependence D. Independence

A. Homogeneity

Which of the following are the assumptions of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)? (select all that apply; no partial credit) A. Homogeneity B. Normality C. Dependence D. Independence

A. Homogeneity B. Normality D. Independence

Fill in the blank with the appropriate answer. Please review the forest plot from a meta-analysis examining prophylactic use of streptokinase to treat myocardial infarction. Compare the last two studies that were included in the meta-analysis: Study 32 (ISIS-2) and Study 33 (Wisenburg). The effect size in Study 32 (ISIS-2) was___________ than Study 33 (Wisenburg). Additionally, Study 32 (ISIS) was _____________ whereas Study 33 (Wisenburg) was __________. A. More precise, statistically significant, not statistically significant B. Less precise, statistically significant, not statistically significant C. Less precise, not statistically significant, statistically significant D. None of the above

A. More precise, statistically significant, not statistically significant

__________ measures how much of the variation in the actual dependent variable is accounted for by knowing the information included in the regression equation. (Fill in the blank) A. Multiple R (the coefficient of multiple determination) B. Chi-square C. F-value D. t-statistic

A. Multiple R (the coefficient of multiple determination)

Which of the following are the assumptions in Linear Regression? Select all that apply (No partial credit) A. Normality B. ANOVA C. Homogeneity D. t-test should be significant first E. Check if the distribution approximates a chi-square distribution F. Independence G. Random Sampling

A. Normality C. Homogeneity F. Independence G. Random Sampling

____________ can fit a regression model to curvilinear relationships. A. Polynomial Regression B. Stepwise Regression C. Hierarchical Regression D. ANOVA

A. Polynomial Regression

Subtracting the mean value of X and dividing by the standard deviation before analysis, so that all variables have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. A. Standardization B. log transforming C. Fishers r to z transformation D. Deviations squared

A. Standardization

Examine the formula above (and attached). Which statements are correct? A. The error term is present because it is common that not all data points fall exactly on the line B. The error term should be excluded C. β0 denotes the error term D. β1 denotes the error term

A. The error term is present because it is common that not all data points fall exactly on the line

Consider the relationship between BMI and percent body fat (Jackson et al., 2002). The authors reported the following, r = 0.73. The authors are interested in whether the correlation is significantly greater than 0.65. Perform a one-tailed test of the null hypothesis that rho was less than or equal to 0.65, alpha set to .01. Given your calculated z ratio, with a critical value from the t-distribution table equal to 2.326, what would you conclude? A. The investigators can be assured that the relationship between BMI and body fat is greater than 0.65 B. The investigators can be assured that the relationship between BMI and body fat is less than 0.65

A. The investigators can be assured that the relationship between BMI and body fat is greater than 0.65

How well an instrument (or measurement procedure) measures what it purports to measure (select best option) A. Validity B. Reliability C. Construct Validity D. Face Validity

A. Validity

You conduct a study and calculate a correlation equal to 0.73 in a sample of 655 patients. Is the observed value of r = 0.73 sufficient evidence with 655 observations to conclude that the true population value of the correlation (rho) is different from zero? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY, no partial credit) A. Yes, this is sufficient evidence to conclude that the true population value of the correlation (rho) is different from zero B. No, this is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the true population value of the correlation (rho) is different from zero C. Yes, reject the null hypothesis D. No, accept the null hypothesis E. Yes, accept the null hypothesis F. Just take away my points, I have no clue.

A. Yes, this is sufficient evidence to conclude that the true population value of the correlation (rho) is different from zero C. Yes, reject the null hypothesis

The following F table was adapted from our textbook Dawson &Trapp (2004). What conclusions can be drawn from this F table. A. p < .05 B. There is not statistically significant difference among groups C. F = 3.52 D. n = 73

A. p < .05

The symbol for the correlation coefficient in the sample is: A. r B. r2 C. lower case greek letter rho D. lower case greek letter rho squared

A. r

When data is standardized, the larger the standardized coefficient, the larger the value of the __________. (Fill in the blank) A. t-statistic B. F-value C. df D. Mean Square

A. t-statistic

The following F table was adapted from our textbook Dawson &Trapp (2004). What conclusions can be drawn from this F table. A. the df among groups is equal to j - 1, where j is the number of groups B. the df among groups is equal to j - 2, where j is the number of groups C. the df among groups is equal to j - 3, where j is the number of groups D. the df among groups is equal to j - 4, where j is the number of groups

A. the df among groups is equal to j - 1, where j is the number of groups

Suppose you want to compare various analgesics and their impact on self-reported pain on a 10-point pain scale. You have 3 experimental conditions. Group 1 receives Hydromorphone, Group 2 receives Morphine, and Group 3 receives a placebo (control group). What is the best test that you could use to answer a research question this type of research question? A. Correlation (r) B. 1-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) C. Independent samples t-test D. Paired samples t-test

B. 1-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A researcher calculated a correlation between daily COVID-19 infections and fatality rates. The researcher reported the following findings: r = .801. p < .001. What can be said about the findings after calculating the coefficient of determination? A. 6.4 people are infected for every 100 B. 64% of the variation in the values for fatality rates may be accounted for by knowing the daily COVID-19 infections. C. 64% of the variation in the values for fatality rates are unknown. D. 64% of people infected by COVID-19 have fatal outcomes.

B. 64% of the variation in the values for fatality rates may be accounted for by knowing the daily COVID-19 infections.

To reduce inflation of Type I error from conducting several planned comparisons, two approaches can be used. What are the two approaches? (Select all that apply, you will not receive partial credit). A. Run multiple t-tests B. Adjust the alpha downward C. Bonferroni t method D. Decrease your sample size

B. Adjust the alpha downward C. Bonferroni t method

You want to test the effectiveness of vaccines developed to prevent an infectious disease and have access to data from 10,000 patients. Three different companies developed a vaccine and you want to determine if the vaccines decrease infection in comparison to a control group who did not receive the vaccine. You do not have any reason to believe that one company will create a vaccine that is better than the other, however, you are interested in examining where group differences are observed (if statistically significant). What is the best test that you could use to answer this type of research question? A. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a prior comparisons B. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with posteriori comparisons C. Independent samples t-test D. Paired samples t-test

B. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with posteriori comparisons

Examine the following image of four figures (A-D) from our book (Dawson &Trapp, 2004). Each figure (A-D) depicts two regression lines. Which of the following statements describes Figure C (bottom left). A. Both intercepts and slopes are equal. B. Both the intercepts and the slopes of the regression lines differ. C. The intercepts are equal, but the slopes differ. D. The slopes of the regression lines are the same, but the intercepts are different.

B. Both the intercepts and the slopes of the regression lines differ.

An instrument's capacity to predict a characteristic that is associated with the characteristic (select best option) A. Content Validity B. Criterion Validity C. Construct Validity D. Face Validity

B. Criterion Validity

Which of the following assumptions in Linear Regression describes the assumption of Normality? Select all that apply (No partial credit) A. Extreme variation in the Y's at each level of the x's; analagous to heterogeniety B. For each value of the X variable, the Y variable is assumed to have a normal distribution C. The values of Y are assumed to be independent of one another D. Equal variation in the Y's across the entire range of the x's; analagous to the assumption of equal variances in the t-test E. The observations constitute a random sample from the population of interest

B. For each value of the X variable, the Y variable is assumed to have a normal distribution

Which of the following definitions describe the assumptions from Linear Regression? Select all that apply (No partial credit) A. Extreme variation in the Y's at each level of the x's; analagous to heterogeniety B. For each value of the X variable, the Y variable is assumed to have a normal distribution C. The values of Y are assumed to be independent of one another D. Equal variation in the Y's across the entire range of the x's; analagous to the assumption of equal variances in the t-test E. The observations constitute a random sample from the population of interest

B. For each value of the X variable, the Y variable is assumed to have a normal distribution C. The values of Y are assumed to be independent of one another D. Equal variation in the Y's across the entire range of the x's; analagous to the assumption of equal variances in the t-test E. The observations constitute a random sample from the population of interest

A ___________ is used to describe and evaluate the relationship between a single continuous dependent variable and one or more independent variables. Please fill in the blank with the best answer. A. Chi-square analysis B. Linear Regression Model C. Paired samples t-test D. Independent samples t-test

B. Linear Regression Model

Which assumption of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is being discussed: The values of the outcome variable are assumed to be normally distributed within each group or each level of a factor. A. Homogeneity B. Normality C. Dependence D. Independence

B. Normality

How reproducible the findings would be if the same measurement were repeatedly made on the same subject (select best option) A. Validity B. Reliability C. Construct Validity D. Face Validity

B. Reliability

Queries only a sample from the population (select best option) A. Census B. Survey C. Poll D. None of the above

B. Survey

Consider the relationship between BMI and percent body fat (Jackson et al., 2002). The authors reported the following, r = 0.73. The authors are interested in whether the correlation is significantly greater than 0.65. Perform a one-tailed test of the null hypothesis that rho was less than or equal to 0.65, alpha set to .01. Given your calculated z ratio, with a critical value from the t-distribution table equal to 2.326, what would you conclude? A. The null hypothesis that the correlation is 0.65 or less is accepted B. The null hypothesis that the correlation is 0.65 or less is rejected

B. The null hypothesis that the correlation is 0.65 or less is rejected

The following F table was adapted from our textbook Dawson &Trapp (2004). What conclusions can be drawn from this F table. A. There is not a statistically significant difference among groups B. There is a statistically significant difference among groups C. 1% power to detect an effect D. p >.05

B. There is a statistically significant difference among groups

A researcher calculated a correlation between daily COVID-19 infections and fatality rates. The researcher reported the following findings: r = .801. p < .001. Calculate the coefficient of determination (r 2). A. .801 B. .001 C. .6416 D. 6.416

C. .6416

Suppose you want to compare the impact of analgesics (Hydromorphone, Morphine, control) and biological sex (male, female) on self-reported pain (using a 10-point pain scale). You recruit 600 adults and randomly assigned them to 1 of 3 experimental conditions: Group 1 receives Hydromorphone, Group 2 receives Morphine, and Group 3 receives a placebo (control group). What is the best test that you could use to answer a research question this type of research question? A. Correlation B. 1-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) C. 2-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) D. 3-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

C. 2-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

You conduct a study and calculate a correlation equal to 0.73 in a sample of 655 patients. What is the critical value if the test is two-tailed and alpha is set to .01? A. 0.73 B. 0.53 C. 2.617 D. 27.29

C. 2.617

An instrument's ability to demonstrate that it is related to other instruments that assess the same characteristic and not related to instruments that assess other characteristics (select best option) A. Content Validity B. Criterion Validity C. Construct Validity D. Face Validity

C. Construct Validity

The Box Plot above is from our book. Which group appears to be different from the others? A. Group 1 B. Group 2 C. Group 3 D. Each of the means and variances appear to be different

C. Group 3

Suppose you are conducting an analysis and wanted to group variables according to their function (e.g., all demographic characteristics). This analysis allows you to add to the regression equation as a group or block. A. Polynomial Regression B. Stepwise Regression C. Hierarchical Regression D. ANOVA

C. Hierarchical Regression

Which of the following is an assumption of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) that should not be violated? A. Heterogeneity of means B. Homogeneity of means C. Homogeneity of variances D. Heterogeneity of variances

C. Homogeneity of variances

When several planned comparisons are made, the probability of obtaining significance by chance is _________. A. Decreased B. The same C. Increased D. Multiplied by 3.1415

C. Increased

Suppose you are conducting a study and recruit two samples of patients. One group receives a drug (treatment) and the other group receives a placebo (control). Your outcome (dependent) variable is pain on a 10-point scale with higher scores indicating higher levels of pain. What is an appropriate test that you could use to answer a research question this type of research question? A. Correlation (r) B. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) C. Independent samples t-test D. Linear Regression

C. Independent samples t-test

Suppose you want to compare a health outcome between a sample of patients who have a specific biomarker and patients who do not have the biomarker. What is an appropriate test that you could use to answer a research question this type of research question? A. Correlation (r) B. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) C. Independent samples t-test D. Linear Regression

C. Independent samples t-test

Suppose you want to compare blood level enzymes between a sample of males and females. What is an appropriate test that you could use to answer a research question this type of research question? A. Correlation (r) B. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) C. Independent samples t-test D. Linear Regression

C. Independent samples t-test

Dr. Frietze is interested in examining the impact of a new drug that is expected to increase cognitive abilities. Dr. Frietze recruits 100 college students and randomly assigns them to 1 of 3 conditions: 1) control condition, 2) a treatment condition in which the drug is given to the participant, and 3) a treatment condition in which the drug is given to the participant in combination with tutoring. Students are asked to complete a math test that includes 27 questions, however, participants were only provided with a pass/fail score on the exam. What type of analysis (statistical test) is best for examining if there were differences on pass/fail rates on the math exam between groups? A. Simple Linear Regression B. Multiple Linear Regression C. Logistic Regression D. One-way ANOVA

C. Logistic Regression

Used when the independent variables include both numerical and nominal measures and the outcome variable is binary (dichotomous). A. Polynomial Regression B. Chi-Square test of independence C. Logistic Regression D. Linear Regression

C. Logistic Regression

Generally means asking questions in order to learn information or opinions (select best option) A. Census B. Survey C. Poll D. None of the above

C. Poll

__________ measures how much of the variation in the actual dependent variable is accounted for by knowing the information included in the regression equation. (Fill in the blank) A. F-value B. Chi-square C. R2 D. t-statistic

C. R2

In __________ the regression coefficient b indicates the amount the predicted value of Y changes each time X increases by 1 unit. (Fill in the blank) A. Correlation B. t-test C. Simple Linear Regression D. Multiple Regression

C. Simple Linear Regression

Used when the research question is to predict the value of a response (dependent) variable, denoted Y, from an explanatory (independent) variable X A. Correlation B. t-test C. Simple Linear Regression D. Multiple Regression

C. Simple Linear Regression

Identify the following equation: A. Correlation equation B. t-test equation C. Simple Linear Regression equation D. Multiple Regression equation

C. Simple Linear Regression equation

(Fill in the blank) In linear regression, the term ____________ implies that only one independent variable is being used to predict the dependent variable. A. ANOVA B. Correlation C. Simple regression D. Multiple regression

C. Simple regression

Suppose you want to compare various analgesics and their impact on self-reported pain on a 10-point pain scale. You have 3 experimental conditions. Group 1 receives Hydromorphone, Group 2 receives Morphine, and Group 3 receives a placebo (control group). Before beginning the study, you want to declare the null and alternative hypothesis. What is the alternative hypothesis? A. The 3 means are going to be large B. The 3 means are going to be small C. The 3 means are not equal D. The 3 means are equal

C. The 3 means are not equal

Examine the following image of four figures (A-D) from our book (Dawson &Trapp, 2004). Each figure (A-D) depicts two regression lines. Which of the following statements describes Figure B (top right). A. Both intercepts and slopes are equal. B. Both the intercepts and the slopes of the regression lines differ. C. The intercepts are equal, but the slopes differ. D. The slopes of the regression lines are the same, but the intercepts are different.

C. The intercepts are equal, but the slopes differ.

Suppose you want to compare various analgesics and their impact on self-reported pain on a 10-point pain scale. You have 3 experimental conditions. Group 1 receives Hydromorphone, Group 2 receives Morphine, and Group 3 receives a placebo (control group). Before beginning the study, you want to declare the null and alternative hypothesis. What is the null hypothesis? A. There is a mean difference between the 3 groups B. The 3 groups have different means C. The means are equal for the 3 groups D. The mean is not equal for the 3 groups

C. The means are equal for the 3 groups

Which of the following assumptions in Linear Regression describes the assumption of Independence? Select all that apply (No partial credit) A. Extreme variation in the Y's at each level of the x's; analagous to heterogeniety B. For each value of the X variable, the Y variable is assumed to have a normal distribution C. The values of Y are assumed to be independent of one another D. Equal variation in the Y's across the entire range of the x's; analagous to the assumption of equal variances in the t-test E. The observations constitute a random sample from the population of interest

C. The values of Y are assumed to be independent of one another

The symbol for the correlation coefficient in the population is: A. r B. r2 C. lower case greek letter rho D. lower case greek letter rho squared

C. lower case greek letter rho

A researcher calculated a correlation between daily COVID-19 infections and fatality rates. The researcher reported the following findings: r = .801. p < .001. Which of the following responses below is true? (Select the best answer) A. the correlation is small B. the correlation is medium C. the correlation is large D. there is no correlation

C. the correlation is large

A researcher calculated a correlation between daily COVID-19 infections and fatality rates. The researcher reported the following findings: r = .801. p < .001. Which of the following responses below is true? (Select the best answer) A. the correlation is statistically significant because p >.05 B. the correlation is not statistically significant because p >.05 C. the correlation is statistically significant because p < .001 D. the correlation is not statistically significant because p < .001

C. the correlation is statistically significant because p < .001

The following F table was adapted from our textbook Dawson &Trapp (2004). What conclusions can be drawn from this F table. A. 1 group is being compared B. ​2 groups are being compared C. ​3 groups are being compared D. ​4 groups are being compared

C. ​3 groups are being compared

Suppose you want to compare the impact of analgesics (Hydromorphone, Morphine, control), biological sex (male, female) and presence of a biomarker (yes, no) on self-reported pain (using a 10-point pain scale). You recruit 600 adults and randomly assigned them to 1 of 3 experimental conditions: Group 1 receives Hydromorphone, Group 2 receives Morphine, and Group 3 receives a placebo (control group). What is the best test that you could use to answer a research question this type of research question? A. Correlation B. 1-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) C. 2-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) D. 3-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

D. 3-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Suppose you want to compare the impact of analgesics (Hydromorphone, Morphine, control), biological sex (male, female), presence of a biomarker (yes, no), and Body Mass Index (BMI) on self-reported pain (using a 10-point pain scale). You recruit 600 adults and randomly assigned them to 1 of 3 experimental conditions: Group 1 receives Hydromorphone, Group 2 receives Morphine, and Group 3 receives a placebo (control group). What is the best test that you could use to answer a research question this type of research question? A. Correlation B. Paired Samples t-test C. Independent Samples t-test D. 4-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

D. 4-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A researcher calculated a correlation between BMI and body fat. The researcher reported the following findings: r = .73. p < .001. How can we interpret the coefficient of determination (r2). A. 73% associated between BMI and body fat B. 73% of the variation in the values for body fat may be accounted for by knowing BMI. C. 53% associated between BMI and body fat D. 53% of the variation in the values for body fat may be accounted for by knowing BMI.

D. 53% of the variation in the values for body fat may be accounted for by knowing BMI.

The coefficient of determination in a regression analysis was reported to be equal to 0.89. Which description below best describes the correct interpretation of this finding? A. 11% of the variance can be accounted for by knowing the information included in the regression equation B. 0.89 correlation between the independent and dependent variable C. 0.89% of the variance can be accounted for by knowing the information included in the regression equation D. 89% of the variance can be accounted for by knowing the information included in the regression equation

D. 89% of the variance can be accounted for by knowing the information included in the regression equation

Confounding variables occur most often when subjects cannot be assigned at random to different groups (when groups of interest already exist). A ____________ analysis can be used to control for the influence of a confounding variable. A. Polynomial Regression B. Chi-Square test of independence C. ANOVA D. ANCOVA

D. ANCOVA

Suppose you are conducting a study and recruit one large sample of patients from your Pharmacy. What is an appropriate test statistic that you could examine to answer a research question for one group? A. Independent Samples t-test B. Paired Samples t​-test C. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) D. Correlation (r)

D. Correlation (r)

Which of the following assumptions in Linear Regression describes the assumption of homogeneity/homoscedasticity? Select all that apply (No partial credit) A. Extreme variation in the Y's at each level of the x's; analagous to heterogeniety B. For each value of the X variable, the Y variable is assumed to have a normal distribution C. The values of Y are assumed to be independent of one another D. Equal variation in the Y's across the entire range of the x's; analagous to the assumption of equal variances in the t-test E. The observations constitute a random sample from the population of interest

D. Equal variation in the Y's across the entire range of the x's; analagous to the assumption of equal variances in the t-test

The following F table was adapted from our textbook Dawson &Trapp (2004). What conclusions can be drawn from this F table. A. F ratio is calculated by subtracting 3.52 from 42 (e.g., 42 - 3.52) B. F ratio is calculated by multiplying 42 by 3.52 (e.g., 42 * 3.52) C. F ratio is calculated by adding 42 and 3.52 (e.g., 42 + 3.52) D. F ratio is calculated by dividing 42 by 3.52 (e.g., 42 / 3.52)

D. F ratio is calculated by dividing 42 by 3.52 (e.g., 42 / 3.52)

The degree to which a questionnaire or test appears to be measuring what it is supposed to measure (select best option) A. Content Validity B. Criterion Validity C. Construct Validity D. Face Validity

D. Face Validity

Which assumption of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is being discussed: The value of one observation is independent of another observation. A. Homogeneity B. Normality C. Dependence D. Independence

D. Independence

Quantitative synthesis of data derived from individual studies (usually three or more) identified through a systematic review process. A systematic approach to combining the effect sizes across many studies to derive a weighted average effect size. A. Narrative review B. Observational design C. Population-based case-control study D. Meta-analysis

D. Meta-analysis

In ____________, a given regression coefficient indicates how much the predicted value of Y changes each time X increases by 1 unit, holding the values of all other variables in the regression equation constant. (Fill in the blank) A. Correlation B. t-test C. Simple Linear Regression D. Multiple Regression

D. Multiple Regression

The extension of simple regression to two or more independent variables: A. Correlation B. t-test C. Simple Linear Regression D. Multiple Regression

D. Multiple Regression

Identify the following equation: A. Correlation equation B. t-test equation C. Simple Linear Regression equation D. Multiple Regression equation

D. Multiple Regression equation

(Fill in the blank) In linear regression, the term ____________ implies that more than one independent variable is being used to predict the dependent variable. A. ANOVA B. Correlation C. Simple regression D. Multiple regression

D. Multiple regression

When data is not normally distributed, an option is that you can transform the data using its ______________. (Fill in the blank) A. pi B. phi coefficient C. delta D. Natural Logarithm

D. Natural Logarithm

Which of the following is an assumption of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) that should not be violated? A. F ratio must be large so that the p value is large B. F ratio must be small so that the p value is small C. Covariance D. Normality

D. Normality

Phenomenon that suggests an extreme score will be closer to average at future measurements. Extreme scores will gravitate toward the mean in subsequent measurements. A. Average gravitation phenomenon B. Standard deviation C. Regression towards the median D. Regression towards the mean

D. Regression towards the mean

Examine the following image of four figures (A-D) from our book (Dawson &Trapp, 2004). Each figure (A-D) depicts two regression lines. Which of the following statements describes Figure A (top left). A. Both intercepts and slopes are equal. B. Both the intercepts and the slopes of the regression lines differ. C. The intercepts are equal, but the slopes differ. D. The slopes of the regression lines are the same, but the intercepts are different.

D. The slopes of the regression lines are the same, but the intercepts are different.

The following F table was adapted from our textbook Dawson &Trapp (2004). What conclusions can be drawn from this F table. A. F = 3.52 B. 1% power to detect an effect C. Total degrees of freedom = 74 D. Total Sample size = 74

D. Total Sample size = 74

The correlation coefficient can be squared to form the __________. (Fill in the blank with the correct answer) A. correlation coefficient (r) B. F ratio C. t value D. coefficient of determination

D. coefficient of determination

You conduct a study and calculate a correlation equal to 0.73 in a sample of 655 patients. Test whether the observed value of r = 0.73 is sufficient evidence with 655 observations to conclude that the true population value of the correlation (rho) is different from zero. What is the t ratio? A. t = 0.73 B. t = 0.53 C. t = 2.617 D. t = 27.29

D. t = 27.29

The following F table was adapted from our textbook Dawson &Trapp (2004). What conclusions can be drawn from this F table. A. There are 73 groups of patients in this analysis B. There are 84 groups of patients in this analysis C. the df among groups in this table is equal to 2, because the formula for the among groups degrees of freedom is j - 2, where j is the number of groups. So we must have 4 groups. D. the df among groups in this table is equal to 2, because the formula for the among groups degrees of freedom is j - 1, where j is the number of groups. So we must have 3 groups.

D. the df among groups in this table is equal to 2, because the formula for the among groups degrees of freedom is j - 1, where j is the number of groups. So we must have 3 groups.

Consider the relationship between BMI and percent body fat (Jackson et al., 2002). The authors reported the following, r = 0.73. The authors are interested in whether the correlation is significantly greater than 0.65. Perform a one-tailed test of the null hypothesis that rho was less than or equal to 0.65, alpha set to .01. Calculate z. A. z = .73 B. z = .65 C. z = .154 D. z = 3.93

D. z = 3.93

Which of the following assumptions in Linear Regression describes the assumption of Random Sampling? Select all that apply (No partial credit) A. Extreme variation in the Y's at each level of the x's; analagous to heterogeniety B. For each value of the X variable, the Y variable is assumed to have a normal distribution C. The values of Y are assumed to be independent of one another D. Equal variation in the Y's across the entire range of the x's; analagous to the assumption of equal variances in the t-test E. The observations constitute a random sample from the population of interest

E. The observations constitute a random sample from the population of interest

The coefficient of determination tells us how ______ the relationship really is.

strong