Blood

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Since it has no usefulness, bilirubin is considered a waste product. It is removed from circulation by the .... and excreted into .....

liver, bile

Th clotting factors such as prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesized by the .... and circulate in the .... until activated in the clotting mechanism.

liver, blood plasma

The iron from old RBCs may be stored in the ... or transported to the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new .....

liver, hemoglobin

Macrophages (RE cells) that phagocytize old RBCs are found in the ....., the ...... and the ......

liver, spleen , red bone marrow

Antithrombin is produced by the .... to inactivate excess .....

liver, thrombin

The term hypoxia means

low blood oxygen

The stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the WBCs called

lymphocytes

The granular WBCs are the .... and .....

lymphocytes and monocytes

When these immature RBCs (reticulocytes) are present in large numbers in circulating blood, it means that there are not enough ...... to transport sufficient ...... throughout the body.

mature RBCs, oxygen

Platelets are fragments of the large bone marrow cells called ..... and ...... produced by the liver increases the rate of platelet formation

megakaryocytic, thrombopoietin

Stem cells constantly undergo the process of .... to produce new cells.

mitosis

WBC: Become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissues

monocytes

The granular WBCs are the ....., ....m and ......

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

Are anti-Rh antibodies naturally present in the plasma of a person who is Rh negative?

no

In RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is called a ......

normoblast

In appearance, WBCs differ from RBCs in that all WBCs have .... present when the cells are mature

nuclei

The major regulating factor for RBC production is the amount of ....... in the blood.`

oxygen

The general function of WBCs is to protect the body from .... and to provide .... to certain infectious diseases

pathogens, immunity

Stage 1 of clotting involves chemical factors released by .... and other chemicals from .....

platelets, damaged tissues

The Rh factor is another RBC antigen; it is often called D. A person who is Rh ..... has this antigen on the RBCs. A person who is Rh ...... does not have this antigen on the RBCs.

positive, negative

The function of platelets is hemostasis, which means ......

prevention of blood loss

The nutrients needed for RBC formation include.... and ...... which will become part of the hemoglobin molecule.

protein, iron

The result of stage 1 in clotting is the formation of ....

prothrombin activator

In stage 2 of clotting, ..... converts prothrombin to ....

prothrombin activator, thrombin

RBCs pick up oxygen when they circulate through the .....capillaries (in the.......), and this hemoglobin is now called.

pulmonary, lungs, oxyhemoglobin

The primary hemopoietic tissue is ......., which is found in ....... and .......

red bone marrow, flat, irregular

The stage in RBC formation in which fragments of the ER are present is called a

reticulocyte

The process of clot ...... pulls the edge of the break in the vessel together, which makes ..... of the area easier

retraction, repair

The stimulus for chemical clotting is a ...... surface within a vessel or a break in a vessel that also creates a ..... surface

rough, rough

The tissue in arteries and veins contracts in response to ..... released by platelets or to the .... caused when the vessel ruptures

serotonin, damage

Abnormal clotting within vessels is prevented in several ways. The ..... epithelium (endothelium) that lines blood vessels is very smooth and repels platelets.

simple squamous

As a result, the opening in the vessel is made .... and may then be covered by a .....

smaller, blood clot

What tissue in arteries and veins permits vessels to constrict

smooth muscle

Lymphatic tissue is found in lymphatic organs such as the ......, ......., and .......

spleen, lymph nodes, thymus

In the red bone marrow, the precursor cell for blood cells is called a .......

stem cell

The rough surface of a ruptured capillary causes platelets to ..... and form a mechanical barrier over the opening

stick to the edges

The intrinsic factor in RBC formation is produced by the lining of the .......

stomach

RBCs release oxygen in ....... capillaries, and their hemoglobin is then called ..........

systemic, reduced hemoglobin

In stage 3 of clotting ...... converts fibrinogen to ......

thrombin, fibrin

Platelets are also called ..... and are formed in ......

thrombocytes, red bone marrow

The term for a low platelet count is

thrombocytopenia

The term for an abnormal clot in an intact vessel is ......

thrombus

The HLA are also important when organs are ...... If tissue typing shows that the donated organ has one or more HLA types that match the HLA types of the recipient, there is less chance of ..... of the transplanted organ by the immune system of the recipient.

transplanted, rejection

.....is the mechanism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut.

vascular spasm

The three mechanisms of hemostasis are ....., ....., and .....

vascular spasms, platelet plugs, and chemical clotting

If excess thrombin is not inactivated, clotting may become a ..... cycle of harmful clotting because it is a ...... mechanism that requires an external brake

vicious, positive feedback

The function of intrinsic factor is to prevent the digestion of ..... and promote its absorption in the small intestine.

vitamin b12

The extrinsic factor in RBC formation is ......, which is needed for the synthesis of ....by the stem cells in the red bone marrow.

vitamin b12, DNA

If the blood level of bilirubin rises, perhaps because of liver disease, the ..... may appear yellow. This is called....

whites of the eye and light skin, jaundice

Type O antibodies in plasma

Both anti A and B

The presence of .......and.........make blood more viscous than water.

Cells, plasma proteins (albumin)

Plasma Protein: Help prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture

Clotting factors

Plasma Protein: Include fibrinogen and prothrombin

Clotting factors

The water of plasma is a solvent, which means that substances may .........in this water and be transported.

Dissolve

WBC: Detoxify foreign proteins

Eosinophils

WBC: Important in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Eosinophils

Plasma Protein: Include antibodies

Globulins

Plasma Protein: Include carrier molecules for fats in the blood

Globulins

Plasma Protein: Synthesized by lymphocytes or by the liver

Globulins

State the chemical formula of bicarbonate

HCO3-

The vitamin necessary for prothrombin synthesis is ....

K

Type O antigens on RBCs

Neither A or B

Type AB antibodies in plasma

Neither anti A nor B

The most abundant phagocytes

Neutrophils

Name two types of substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma.

Nutrients and waste products

Blood Function: Blood clotting

Protection

Blood Function: Destroys pathogen

Protection

Name the types of cells formed in red bone marrow.

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Blood Function: Body temperature

Regulation

Blood Function: Fluid-electrolyte balance

Regulation

Blood Function: Acid-base balancing

Regulation of blood

WBC: Help recognize foreign antigens

T lymphocytes

The viscosity of blood refers to its .........

Thickness ( resistance to flow )

Blood Function: Gases and hormones

Transportation

Blood Function: Nutrients and waste products

Transportation

HLA are antigens found on WBCs that represent the antigens found on .....

all the cells of an individual

The globin portion of the hemoglobin is digested to .... which may be used in the process of .....

amino acids, protein synthesis

Type B antibodies in plasma

anti A

Type A antibodies in plasma

anti B

When hypoxia occurs, the kidneys produce a hormone called......, which stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the rate of .........

erythropoietin, RBC production

The colon eliminates bilirubin in ....

feces

The clot itself is made of ....., which forms a mesh over the break in the vessel

fibrin

Once a clot has accomplished its function, it is dissolved in a process called

fibrinolysis

The normal purpose of HLA is to provide a comparison for the immune system to be able to recognize .... antigens

foreign

The 5 kinds of WBCs are in two groups called ..... and ......

granular and agranular

The oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs is

hemoglobin

If a patient receives a transfusion of an incompatible blood type, the donated RBCs will rupture; this is called......

hemolysis

Abnormal clotting within vessels is prevented in several ways. An anticoagulant produced by basophils is ....

heparin

When would anti-Rh antibodies be present in an Rh negative person?

if an Rh negative person receives Rh positive blood

The oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin is

iron

The most serious effects of such a transfusion reaction occur in the ....., when the capillaries there become clogged by ..... from the ruptured RBCs.

kidneys, free hemoglobin

White blood cells are also called

leukocytes

A high WBC count is called ..... and often indicates ....

leukocytosis, infection

A low WBC count is called ...... State one cause.

leukopenia, radiation

The blood plasma makes up ......to.......% of the total blood

52 to 62

Normal range for neutrophils

55 to 70%

The normal pH range of blood is ......to......

7.35 to 7.45

Blood plasma is approximately .......% water

91

Type A antigens on RBCs

A

The ABO group contains four blood types, which are...., ......, ......, and ...

A, B, AB, O

Type AB antigens on RBCs

AB

The two most important RBC types are the ....group and the ..... factor

ABO, Rh

Plasma Protein: Pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume

Albumin

Plasma Protein: The most abundant plasma protein

Albumin

Plasma Protein: Synthesized only by the liver

Albumin, clotting factors

The normal pH is slightly .......

Alkaline

What is a "band" cell?

An immature neutrophil

Type B antigens on RBCs

B

WBC: Become plasma cells that produce antibodies

B lymphocytes

WBC: Contain heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting

Basophils

WBC: Contain histamine, which contributes to inflammation

Basophils

Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the form of .....ions

Bicarbonate

The term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel is ......

embolism

Red blood cells (RBCs) are also called....... and are formed in .....

erythrocytes, red bone marrow

Normal range for basophils

0.5 to 1%

Normal range for eosinophils

1 to 3%

The range of a normal hemoglobin level is .... to ... g/100 mL

12 to 18

The life span of RBCs is approximately ..... days

120

The range of a normal platelet count is ..... to ..... cells

150000 to 300000

Normal range for lymphocytes

20 to 35%

Normal range for monocytes

3 to 8%

The blood cells make up ......to......% of the total blood.

38 to 48

The range of a normal hematocrit is ..... to .....%

38 to 48

The amount of blood within the body varies with the size of the person; this amount is in the range of .....liters

4 to 6

The range of a normal RC count is ..... to ..... cells

4.5 to 6 million

The range of a normal WBC count is ...... to ....... cells

5000 to 10000

What major cellular structure do mature RBCs lack?

a nucleus

Most of a person's supply of vitamin K is produced by the .... in the person's own ....

bacteria, colon (Lg intestine)

Describe the appearance of RBCs

biconcave discs; thinner in the middle than at the edge

The heme portion of the hemoglobin of old RBCs is converted to ..... by RE cells

bilirubin

The term hemopoietic tissue means a tissue in which ........are formed

blood cells

The mineral necessary for chemical clotting is ....., which the body stores in .....

calcium, bones

Platelet plugs are the only effective mechanism of hemostasis for rupture of .....

capillaries


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Vocabulary Workshop Level H Unit 1 Synonyms And Antonyms

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