Blood
Since it has no usefulness, bilirubin is considered a waste product. It is removed from circulation by the .... and excreted into .....
liver, bile
Th clotting factors such as prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesized by the .... and circulate in the .... until activated in the clotting mechanism.
liver, blood plasma
The iron from old RBCs may be stored in the ... or transported to the red bone marrow for the synthesis of new .....
liver, hemoglobin
Macrophages (RE cells) that phagocytize old RBCs are found in the ....., the ...... and the ......
liver, spleen , red bone marrow
Antithrombin is produced by the .... to inactivate excess .....
liver, thrombin
The term hypoxia means
low blood oxygen
The stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the WBCs called
lymphocytes
The granular WBCs are the .... and .....
lymphocytes and monocytes
When these immature RBCs (reticulocytes) are present in large numbers in circulating blood, it means that there are not enough ...... to transport sufficient ...... throughout the body.
mature RBCs, oxygen
Platelets are fragments of the large bone marrow cells called ..... and ...... produced by the liver increases the rate of platelet formation
megakaryocytic, thrombopoietin
Stem cells constantly undergo the process of .... to produce new cells.
mitosis
WBC: Become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissues
monocytes
The granular WBCs are the ....., ....m and ......
neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
Are anti-Rh antibodies naturally present in the plasma of a person who is Rh negative?
no
In RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is called a ......
normoblast
In appearance, WBCs differ from RBCs in that all WBCs have .... present when the cells are mature
nuclei
The major regulating factor for RBC production is the amount of ....... in the blood.`
oxygen
The general function of WBCs is to protect the body from .... and to provide .... to certain infectious diseases
pathogens, immunity
Stage 1 of clotting involves chemical factors released by .... and other chemicals from .....
platelets, damaged tissues
The Rh factor is another RBC antigen; it is often called D. A person who is Rh ..... has this antigen on the RBCs. A person who is Rh ...... does not have this antigen on the RBCs.
positive, negative
The function of platelets is hemostasis, which means ......
prevention of blood loss
The nutrients needed for RBC formation include.... and ...... which will become part of the hemoglobin molecule.
protein, iron
The result of stage 1 in clotting is the formation of ....
prothrombin activator
In stage 2 of clotting, ..... converts prothrombin to ....
prothrombin activator, thrombin
RBCs pick up oxygen when they circulate through the .....capillaries (in the.......), and this hemoglobin is now called.
pulmonary, lungs, oxyhemoglobin
The primary hemopoietic tissue is ......., which is found in ....... and .......
red bone marrow, flat, irregular
The stage in RBC formation in which fragments of the ER are present is called a
reticulocyte
The process of clot ...... pulls the edge of the break in the vessel together, which makes ..... of the area easier
retraction, repair
The stimulus for chemical clotting is a ...... surface within a vessel or a break in a vessel that also creates a ..... surface
rough, rough
The tissue in arteries and veins contracts in response to ..... released by platelets or to the .... caused when the vessel ruptures
serotonin, damage
Abnormal clotting within vessels is prevented in several ways. The ..... epithelium (endothelium) that lines blood vessels is very smooth and repels platelets.
simple squamous
As a result, the opening in the vessel is made .... and may then be covered by a .....
smaller, blood clot
What tissue in arteries and veins permits vessels to constrict
smooth muscle
Lymphatic tissue is found in lymphatic organs such as the ......, ......., and .......
spleen, lymph nodes, thymus
In the red bone marrow, the precursor cell for blood cells is called a .......
stem cell
The rough surface of a ruptured capillary causes platelets to ..... and form a mechanical barrier over the opening
stick to the edges
The intrinsic factor in RBC formation is produced by the lining of the .......
stomach
RBCs release oxygen in ....... capillaries, and their hemoglobin is then called ..........
systemic, reduced hemoglobin
In stage 3 of clotting ...... converts fibrinogen to ......
thrombin, fibrin
Platelets are also called ..... and are formed in ......
thrombocytes, red bone marrow
The term for a low platelet count is
thrombocytopenia
The term for an abnormal clot in an intact vessel is ......
thrombus
The HLA are also important when organs are ...... If tissue typing shows that the donated organ has one or more HLA types that match the HLA types of the recipient, there is less chance of ..... of the transplanted organ by the immune system of the recipient.
transplanted, rejection
.....is the mechanism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut.
vascular spasm
The three mechanisms of hemostasis are ....., ....., and .....
vascular spasms, platelet plugs, and chemical clotting
If excess thrombin is not inactivated, clotting may become a ..... cycle of harmful clotting because it is a ...... mechanism that requires an external brake
vicious, positive feedback
The function of intrinsic factor is to prevent the digestion of ..... and promote its absorption in the small intestine.
vitamin b12
The extrinsic factor in RBC formation is ......, which is needed for the synthesis of ....by the stem cells in the red bone marrow.
vitamin b12, DNA
If the blood level of bilirubin rises, perhaps because of liver disease, the ..... may appear yellow. This is called....
whites of the eye and light skin, jaundice
Type O antibodies in plasma
Both anti A and B
The presence of .......and.........make blood more viscous than water.
Cells, plasma proteins (albumin)
Plasma Protein: Help prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture
Clotting factors
Plasma Protein: Include fibrinogen and prothrombin
Clotting factors
The water of plasma is a solvent, which means that substances may .........in this water and be transported.
Dissolve
WBC: Detoxify foreign proteins
Eosinophils
WBC: Important in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Eosinophils
Plasma Protein: Include antibodies
Globulins
Plasma Protein: Include carrier molecules for fats in the blood
Globulins
Plasma Protein: Synthesized by lymphocytes or by the liver
Globulins
State the chemical formula of bicarbonate
HCO3-
The vitamin necessary for prothrombin synthesis is ....
K
Type O antigens on RBCs
Neither A or B
Type AB antibodies in plasma
Neither anti A nor B
The most abundant phagocytes
Neutrophils
Name two types of substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma.
Nutrients and waste products
Blood Function: Blood clotting
Protection
Blood Function: Destroys pathogen
Protection
Name the types of cells formed in red bone marrow.
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Blood Function: Body temperature
Regulation
Blood Function: Fluid-electrolyte balance
Regulation
Blood Function: Acid-base balancing
Regulation of blood
WBC: Help recognize foreign antigens
T lymphocytes
The viscosity of blood refers to its .........
Thickness ( resistance to flow )
Blood Function: Gases and hormones
Transportation
Blood Function: Nutrients and waste products
Transportation
HLA are antigens found on WBCs that represent the antigens found on .....
all the cells of an individual
The globin portion of the hemoglobin is digested to .... which may be used in the process of .....
amino acids, protein synthesis
Type B antibodies in plasma
anti A
Type A antibodies in plasma
anti B
When hypoxia occurs, the kidneys produce a hormone called......, which stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the rate of .........
erythropoietin, RBC production
The colon eliminates bilirubin in ....
feces
The clot itself is made of ....., which forms a mesh over the break in the vessel
fibrin
Once a clot has accomplished its function, it is dissolved in a process called
fibrinolysis
The normal purpose of HLA is to provide a comparison for the immune system to be able to recognize .... antigens
foreign
The 5 kinds of WBCs are in two groups called ..... and ......
granular and agranular
The oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs is
hemoglobin
If a patient receives a transfusion of an incompatible blood type, the donated RBCs will rupture; this is called......
hemolysis
Abnormal clotting within vessels is prevented in several ways. An anticoagulant produced by basophils is ....
heparin
When would anti-Rh antibodies be present in an Rh negative person?
if an Rh negative person receives Rh positive blood
The oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin is
iron
The most serious effects of such a transfusion reaction occur in the ....., when the capillaries there become clogged by ..... from the ruptured RBCs.
kidneys, free hemoglobin
White blood cells are also called
leukocytes
A high WBC count is called ..... and often indicates ....
leukocytosis, infection
A low WBC count is called ...... State one cause.
leukopenia, radiation
The blood plasma makes up ......to.......% of the total blood
52 to 62
Normal range for neutrophils
55 to 70%
The normal pH range of blood is ......to......
7.35 to 7.45
Blood plasma is approximately .......% water
91
Type A antigens on RBCs
A
The ABO group contains four blood types, which are...., ......, ......, and ...
A, B, AB, O
Type AB antigens on RBCs
AB
The two most important RBC types are the ....group and the ..... factor
ABO, Rh
Plasma Protein: Pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume
Albumin
Plasma Protein: The most abundant plasma protein
Albumin
Plasma Protein: Synthesized only by the liver
Albumin, clotting factors
The normal pH is slightly .......
Alkaline
What is a "band" cell?
An immature neutrophil
Type B antigens on RBCs
B
WBC: Become plasma cells that produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
WBC: Contain heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting
Basophils
WBC: Contain histamine, which contributes to inflammation
Basophils
Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the form of .....ions
Bicarbonate
The term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel is ......
embolism
Red blood cells (RBCs) are also called....... and are formed in .....
erythrocytes, red bone marrow
Normal range for basophils
0.5 to 1%
Normal range for eosinophils
1 to 3%
The range of a normal hemoglobin level is .... to ... g/100 mL
12 to 18
The life span of RBCs is approximately ..... days
120
The range of a normal platelet count is ..... to ..... cells
150000 to 300000
Normal range for lymphocytes
20 to 35%
Normal range for monocytes
3 to 8%
The blood cells make up ......to......% of the total blood.
38 to 48
The range of a normal hematocrit is ..... to .....%
38 to 48
The amount of blood within the body varies with the size of the person; this amount is in the range of .....liters
4 to 6
The range of a normal RC count is ..... to ..... cells
4.5 to 6 million
The range of a normal WBC count is ...... to ....... cells
5000 to 10000
What major cellular structure do mature RBCs lack?
a nucleus
Most of a person's supply of vitamin K is produced by the .... in the person's own ....
bacteria, colon (Lg intestine)
Describe the appearance of RBCs
biconcave discs; thinner in the middle than at the edge
The heme portion of the hemoglobin of old RBCs is converted to ..... by RE cells
bilirubin
The term hemopoietic tissue means a tissue in which ........are formed
blood cells
The mineral necessary for chemical clotting is ....., which the body stores in .....
calcium, bones
Platelet plugs are the only effective mechanism of hemostasis for rupture of .....
capillaries