BLY 122 Final Exam Spring 2018
Which is not a difference between anoxygenic photosynthetic organisms and oxygenic photosynthetic organisms? A. source of electrons B. type of chlorophyll C. number of photosystems D. wavelengths at which light is absorbed
D. wavelengths at which light is absorbed
Which one of the following enabled eukaryotes to evolve complex life cycles and programs of multicellular development? A. binary fission B. complex patterns of gene regulation C. a dynamic cytoskeleton D. sexual reproduction
B. complex patterns of gene regulation
In reviewing historical records and ice core data, researchers noted that atmospheric CO2 levels started to rise as humans began to burn fossil fuels. This is an example of what type of relationship? A. correlation B. symbioses C. causation D. antagonism E. conduction
A. Correlation
If you were to remove the anthers from a self-incompatible plant, how would this affect the fertilization of its female gametes? A. Fertilization would continue, as self-incompatible plants rely on pollen from other individuals. B. Fertilization would stop, as self-incompatible plants are fertilized with pollen they produce. C. Fertilization would continue, as self-incompatible plants are fertilized with pollen they produce. D. Fertilization would stop, as self-incompatible plants rely on pollen from other individuals.
A. Fertilization would continue, as self-incompatible plants rely on pollen from other individuals.
Which of the following statements comparing fungal and animal nutrition is CORRECT? A. Fungi digest and then absorb food, whereas animals ingest and then digest food. B. Fungi are autotrophs, whereas animals are heterotrophs. C. Fungi and animals both ingest their food before digestion. D. Fungi are unable to break down complex molecules, whereas animals can break down complex molecules. E. Fungi and animals both actively move through the environment in search of food.
A. Fungi digest and then absorb food, whereas animals ingest and then digest food.
Which of the following is the major contributor to the long-term carbon cycle? A. Geologic events B. Photosynthesis C. Human activities D. Respiration
A. Geologic events
The development of septa in the hyphae of fungi was an important evolutionary step. Why? A. If a hypha is damaged, fungi can seal septal pores to prevent the cytoplasm from leaking out. B. If a hypha is damaged, septa can secrete chemicals to attract symbiotic cyanobacteria. C. Septa can produce fungal spores during both sexual and asexual reproduction. D. Septa can produce different fungal mating types that aid in sexual reproduction.
A. If a hypha is damaged, fungi can seal septal pores to prevent the cytoplasm from leaking out.
Chloroplasts have outer and an inner membranes that separate the stroma and thylakoids from the cytoplasm. What is believed to be the origin of the outer membrane of the chloroplast? A. It is the remnant of the ancient host cell's plasma membrane following endocytosis of a cyanobacterium. B. It is a non-functional remnant following the amplification of the inner membrane of the chloroplast to increase its surface area. C. It is an adaptation of the symbiotic cyanobacteria to protect it from fusing with lysosomes present in the cytoplasm of the ancient "host" cell. D. It is a mutation that has allowed for increased surface area.
A. It is the remnant of the ancient host cell's plasma membrane following endocytosis of a cyanobacterium.
Recall that leaves form in distinct arrangements (whorled, opposite, or alternate) on the stems of vascular plants. How might chemical factors cause new leaves to form in these particular patterns? A. Leaf primordia drain auxin from neighboring cells, with new primordia forming where auxin in the meristem surface is at the highest concentration. B. Leaf primordia secrete chemical activators that promote the formation of leaves nearby. C. Mature leaves secrete chemical inhibitors that prevent the formation of leaves nearby. D. Mature leaves secrete chemical activators that promote the formation of leaves nearby.
A. Leaf primordia drain auxin from neighboring cells, with new primordia forming where auxin in the meristem surface is at the highest concentration.
What is the basic contracting unit of a skeletal muscle? A. sarcomere B. myofibril C. actin filament D. myosin
A. Sarcomere
A tobacco farmer is walking through her fields. On a tobacco plant leaf, she notices several small brown spots surrounded by what appears to be necrotic or dying tissue. What likely caused these spots and necrotic patches? A. The plant is demonstrating a hypersensitive response. B. The plant was recently eaten by caterpillars. C. The plant is demonstrating a SAR response. D. The plant is producing terpenes.
A. The plant is demonstrating a hypersensitive response.
If a moss had a mutation that inhibited the production of sporopollenin, which of the following would occur? A. The spores would dry out more quickly. B. The moss would not be able to produce pollen. C. Sperm would not be able to reach the eggs for fertilization. D. Spores would not be released from the sporangia. E. The likelihood of outcrossing would decrease.
A. The spores would dry out more quickly.
Which of the following is the best explanation for why bryophytes and ferns require water for fertilization? A. Their aquatic ancestors relied on water for gamete dispersal. B. They live in areas where water is plentiful. C. Water is a better medium for transport than air. D. Bryophyte gametes are too heavy for dispersal in air. E. Water protects gametes from UV radiation.
A. Their aquatic ancestors relied on water for gamete dispersal.
Which of the following traits would never be found in a bryophyte? A. a free-living sporophyte B. stomata C. desiccation resistance D. water-conducting cells
A. a free-living sporophyte
The acquisition of traits necessary for complex multicellularity occurred independently in plants and animals, but took place in a specific order. In what order did these processes evolve? A. cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk transport capability B. bulk transport capability, a mechanism of communication, cell adhesion molecules C. a mechanism of communication, bulk transport capability, cell adhesion molecules D. a mechanism of communication, cell adhesion molecules, bulk transport capability
A. cell adhesion molecules, a mechanism of communication, bulk transport capability
Fungal cell walls are composed of what material? A. chitin B. cellulose C. peptidoglycan D. lignin E. glycogen
A. chitin
The first line of plant defense against pathogen infection is (are) the: A. cuticle. B. plasmodesmata. C. stomata. D. pathogens. E. cell walls.
A. cuticle.
Which of the following BEST describes the role of fungi in an ecosystem? A. decomposers B. autotrophs C. herbivores D. carnivores E. producers
A. decomposers
Without the higher rates of transpiration exhibited by angiosperms, many tropical regions would: A. have higher temperatures and lower rainfall. B. have lower temperatures and lower rainfall. C. have higher temperatures and higher rainfall. D. have lower temperatures and lower rainfall. E. be deserts.
A. have higher temperatures and lower rainfall.
The numerous thin filaments that make up the body of a multicellular fungus are the: A. hyphae. B. mycelia. C. fruiting bodies. D. spores. E. rhizoids.
A. hyphae.
The network of branching filaments that form the main body of a multicellular fungus is the: A. mycelium. B. hypha. C. fruiting body. D. spore. E. rhizoid.
A. mycelium.
Homeostatic regulation relies on: A. negative feedback. B. positive feedback C. both negative and positive feedback. D. the magnitude of the stimulus and response.
A. negative feedback
What structures are used in plants cells to move molecules between cells? A. plasmodesmata B. gap junctions C. cadherins D. plasma membranes E. pectins
A. plasmodesmata
Which of the following are produced by roots in order to increase surface area, allowing for greater access to nutrients in the soil? A. root hairs B. root nodules C. root parenchyma D. root casparian strips
A. root hairs
Plant growth that elongates stems occurs in the: A. shoot apical meristem. B. root apical meristem. C. shoot lateral meristem. D. root lateral meristem. E. internode.
A. shoot apical meristem.
. In an experiment, you find that exposing leaves to methyl salicylic acid vapor prior to exposing them to a pathogen results in an avirulent infection, whereas exposing untreated control leaves to the same pathogen results in virulent infection. This is likely an example of: A. systemic acquired resistance. B. a hypersensitive response. C. a small interfering RNA response. D. phloem signaling.
A. systemic acquired resistance.
Which one of the following is a characteristic of complex multicellular organisms, but not simple multicellular organisms? A. the functional specialization of subsets of cells in the organism B. the use of cell-adhesion molecules to allow cells to adhere to one another C. the presence of a single cell with multiple nuclei D. the presence of cells that are not in direct contact with the external environment
A. the functional specialization of subsets of cells in the organism
Which one of the following is believed to be the major event that led to the appearance of diverse, complex multicellular organisms on Earth? A. the increase in atmospheric oxygen B. the appearance of animals C. the appearance of plants on land D. the appearance of bulk transport systems
A. the increase in atmospheric oxygen
Recall that the phloem sap of vascular plants moves through the phloem as a result of turgor pressure. How are nutrients transported through fungi? A. through hyphae, as a result of turgor pressure B. through sieve tubes, as a result of turgor pressure C. through vessel elements, as a result of turgor pressure D. through hyphae, as a result of capillary action E. through sieve tubes, as a result of capillary action
A. through hyphae, as a result of turgor pressure
Based on a lack of _____________in their fossil record, the earliest land plants are thought to have only been able to maintain photosynthesis intermittently. A. vascular tissues B. cuticle C. stomata D. sporopollenin
A. vascular tissues
Which of the following processes do not require plants to spend energy? A. water transport through xylem B. carbohydrate transport through phloem C. C3 photosynthesis D. C4 photosynthesis E. carbohydrate transport through xylem
A. water transport through xylem
For the first 2 billion years of its history, Earth's atmosphere lacked (or had very little) oxygen. Which of the following organisms produced much of the oxygen that now makes up the current atmosphere of Earth? A. hyperthermophiles B. cyanobacteria C. anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria D. euryarchaeota
B. Cyanobacteria
What is the primary reason that fungi are important in the carbon cycle? A. Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes, storing carbon while they are alive, and contributing carbon back to the atmosphere when they die and decompose. B. Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. Their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to decompose large amounts of dead/decaying material, thereby returning carbon to the atmosphere. C. Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. They have a high ratio of surface area to volume and are able to fix more carbon through photosynthesis than other plants of comparable size. D. Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. Their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to store more carbon (in the form of sugar) obtained through mycorrhizal associations than their symbiotic hosts.
B. Fungi are able to reach incredibly large sizes. Their high ratio of surface area to volume allows them to decompose large amounts of dead/decaying material, thereby returning carbon to the atmosphere.
__________ are chemical signaling molecules that influence physiology and development. A. Genes B. Hormones C. Meristems D. Lipids
B. Hormones
Land plants are characterized by a life cycle with two distinct multicellular forms. Which of the following accurately designates the proper characterization? A. Individuals in the diploid phase of the life cycle are called gametophytes, while an individual in the haploid phase of the life cycle is called a sporophyte. B. Individuals in the diploid phase of the life cycle are called sporophytes, while an individual in the haploid phase of the life cycle is called a gametophyte. C. Individuals in the diploid and haploid phases of the life cycle are called sporophytes. D. Individuals in the diploid and haploid phases of the life cycle are called gametophyte.
B. Individuals in the diploid phase of the life cycle are called sporophytes, while an individual in the haploid phase of the life cycle is called a gametophyte.
Imagine that you are on a nature walk. Your guide points out a lichen growing on a tree trunk and comments that lichens are actually a type of fungi. You know that this description is not correct. Why? A. Lichens are actually vascular plants that produce hyphae instead of roots. B. Lichens are actually composed of both fungi and green algae (or cyanobacteria). C. Lichens are actually composed of both fungi and bryophytes. D. Lichens are actually bryophytes that produce hyphae instead of roots.
B. Lichens are actually composed of both fungi and green algae (or cyanobacteria)
How do the meristems of leaves compare to those of stems? A. Leaves do not have discrete populations of meristem cells. B. Meristem cells in leaves do not form persistent populations that have the potential to produce new cells for the lifetime of the plant. C. Meristem cells in leaves are only ever located at the leaf margin. D. Meristems in leaves do not produce auxin.
B. Meristem cells in leaves do not form persistent populations that have the potential to produce new cells for the lifetime of the plant.
Which of the following is NOT a method of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes? A. Conjugation B. Sexual reproduction C. Transformation D. Transduction (Viruses) E. Horizontal gene transfer can occur by any of these methods
B. Sexual reproduction
Based on the energy and carbon sources of humans, how would humans be classified? A. as chemoautotrophs B. as chemoheterotrophs C. as photoheterotrophs D. as photoautotrophs
B. as chemoheterotrophs
A ____________ is a diagram that depicts the exchange of carbon between organisms, whereas a ____________ is a diagram that depicts the transfer of energy between organisms. A. trophic pyramid; food web B. food web; trophic pyramid C. food web; circuit D. trophic pyramid; circuit
B. food web; trophic pyramid
According to the endosymbiosis theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A. from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions B. from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria C. by secondary endosymbiosis D. from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes
B. from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria
Which of the following are not used by flowers to attract pollinators? A. nectar B. fruit C. color D. odors
B. fruit
Unlike plant cells, animal cells move during development. Which of the following terms describes the reorganization of undifferentiated cells that results in the formation of an embryonic structure with multiple layers? A. blastulation B. gastrulation C. organogenesis D. cleavage
B. gastrulation
In some of the earliest plant fossils, there is evidence of mycorrhizal associations. Fungi may have been instrumental in plant colonization of land by: A. colonizing areas as lichens and facilitating dispersal by terrestrial plants. B. increasing nutrient uptake by early plant species. C. increasing levels of organic matter in the soil. D. releasing antibiotics to kill bacteria in the soil where plants would colonize.
B. increasing nutrient uptake by early plant species.
Which of the following are bryophytes? A. liverworts, ferns/horsetails, and gymnosperms B. liverworts, hornworts, and mosses C. lycophytes, liverworts, and gymnosperms D. mosses, hornworts, and lycophytes E. angiosperms, gymnosperms, and ferns/horsetails
B. liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
In the process of alternation of generations, the _____. A. sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes B. sporophyte is diploid and produces spores C. gametophyte is haploid and produces spores D. gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes E. spores unite to form a zygote
B. sporophyte is diploid and produces spores
CAM plants do not operate the Calvin cycle at night because ___________. A. PEP carboxylase is only active in darkness B. sunlight is required to produce ATP and NADPH C. CAM plants fix HCO3- but the Calvin cycle requires CO2 D. CAM plants close their stomata during the day
B. sunlight is required to produce ATP and NADPH
Bryophytes are small and simple. Some produce a flattened photosynthetic structure called a: A. phallus. B. thallus. C. prometheus. D. sporangium. E. primordia.
B. thallus.
If the two guard cells of a stoma increase their concentration of potassium (K+) ions, what will happen to the corresponding pore? A. The pore will close, preventing the diffusion of water vapor out of the leaf. B. The pore will close, preventing the diffusion of CO2 out of the leaf. C. The pore will open, allowing for the diffusion of CO2 into the leaf. D. The pore will open, allowing for the diffusion of water vapor into the leaf.
C. The pore will open, allowing for the diffusion of CO2 into the leaf.
Which of the following statements is true regarding angiosperms? A. They are some of the earliest known plants to have existed on Earth, and they appeared—alongside lycophytes—approximately 400 million years ago. B. The appearance of angiosperms on Earth did not affect the atmosphere or landscape; Earth's landscape has changed very little over the last 400 million years. C. Although the appearance of angiosperms coincided with a decrease in the overall diversity of other groups of plants, their appearance also influenced the evolution of new species of non-angiosperm plants. D. Over 400 million years ago on Earth, the landscape was dominated by angiosperm trees and shrubs. E. Angiosperms are the second most diverse group of plants (the first is gymnosperms).
C. Although the appearance of angiosperms coincided with a decrease in the overall diversity of other groups of plants, their appearance also influenced the evolution of new species of non-angiosperm plants.
Mitotic cell division in unicellular eukaryotes can result in a cell that is: A. 1n. B. 2n. C. Either 1n or 2n, depending on whether the organism predominantly exists as a haploid cell or a diploid cell.
C. Either 1n or 2n, depending on whether the organism predominantly exists as a haploid cell or a diploid cell.
If water molecules (H2O) suddenly stopped forming hydrogen bonds with one another, how would water transport in vascular plants change (if at all)? A. It would remain the same, as H2O molecules also form oxygen bonds. B. It would remain the same, as water transport only depends on osmosis. C. It would stop, as water transport relies on H2O molecules being connected by hydrogen bonds. D. It would increase, as hydrogen bonds inhibit water transport.
C. It would stop, as water transport relies on H2O molecules being connected by hydrogen bonds.
Why is genomic information often more useful than phenotypic information in the bacterial phylogenetic tree? A. Most bacteria have the same genes. B. Most bacteria have similar phenotypic traits. C. Most bacteria cannot be cultured. D. Genomic information is always accurate.
C. Most bacteria cannot be cultured.
A researcher is looking at different petri dishes that contain the yeast C. albicans. In the first dish she evaluates, she notices that the yeast do not form hyphae. Is this a mutant strain of yeast? A. Yes, because the lack of hyphae denotes pathogenic yeast. B. Yes, because yeast typically form hyphae. C. No, because yeast do not normally form hyphae. D. No, because yeast always form rhizoids and not hyphae.
C. No, because yeast do not normally form hyphae.
Why are genes associated with nitrogen fixation not typically used to identify bacterial species? A. Their sequences are similar to those of rRNA genes. B. These genes are not typically exchanged between bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. C. These genes are often exchanged between bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. D. Every bacterium contains nitrogen fixation genes.
C. These genes are often exchanged between bacteria by horizontal gene transfer.
Which of the following is true of gap junctions? A. They are holes in the cell wall through which the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are connected. B. They are channels in the plasma membrane of plant cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells. C. They are channels in the plasma membrane of animal cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells. D. They provide points of structural support between adjacent plant cells. E. They provide points of structural support between adjacent animal cells.
C. They are channels in the plasma membrane of animal cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells.
Which of the following is NOT true of protists? A. They may have cell walls. B. They may be photosynthetic. C. They may be prokaryotic. D. They are usually aerobic, though some are not.
C. They may be prokaryotic.
What is occurring in this diagram? A. Conjugation B. Sexual reproduction C. Transformation D. Transduction
C. Transformation
Some species of Acacia have coevolved with species of ______ that actively defend the plant from browsing animals and even vines. A. beetles B. aphids C. ants D. scorpions E. biting flies
C. ants
Plants that grow on other plants for structural support, but do not consume nutrients or energy from them, are called: A. parasites. B. lycophytes. C. epiphytes. D. photophytes. E. tracheophytes.
C. epiphytes.
Flowering is often delayed in plants whose leaves have been eaten by herbivores You do an experiment in the lab where you remove leaves of different ages as different plants approach the day length that triggers flowering. You find that only stems with at least some mature leaves flower at the usual time. You conclude that: A. only mature leaves can sense photoperiod. B. plants without mature leaves lack the nutritional resources to flower. C. florigen cannot reach the shoot apical meristem from leaves that are still importing sugar. D. a reduction in auxin transport resulting from leaf removal promotes vegetative meristem identity.
C. florigen cannot reach the shoot apical meristem from leaves that are still importing sugar.
A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts _____. A. have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes B. are exceptionally small C. have three or four membranes D. have only a single pigment
C. have three or four membranes
The filaments that MOST fungi produce to absorb nutrients are called: A. root hairs. B. ectomycorrhizae. C. hyphae. D. chitins. E. fruiting bodies.
C. hyphae.
Many antibiotics work by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a component of the bacterial cell wall. What is a possible mechanism of action for anti-fungal drugs? A. inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan in fungi B. inhibiting the synthesis of cellulose in fungi C. inhibiting the synthesis of chitin in fungi D. inhibiting the synthesis of lignin in fungi
C. inhibiting the synthesis of chitin in fungi
In a food web, which of the following organisms would NOT be considered heterotrophs? A. decomposers B. consumers C. primary producers D. secondary consumers
C. primary producers
What would the flower look like of an angiosperm that relied on water to disperse pollen? A. large B. odiferous C. small D. colorful
C. small
Bacteria and Archaea play an important role in the: A. carbon cycle. B. sulfur cycle. C. nitrogen cycle. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Over the last 400,000 years, how have atmospheric CO2 levels changed? A. Atmospheric CO2 levels have remained the same. B. Atmospheric CO2 levels have been steadily increasing overall. C. Atmospheric CO2 levels have been steadily decreasing overall. D. Atmospheric CO2 levels have fluctuated periodically.
D. Atmospheric CO2 levels have fluctuated periodically
Which statement about guard cells is false? A. The resting state of guard cells is closed. B. Angiosperm cells shrink and swell in concert with adjacent epidermal cells. C. Angiosperm guard cells exchange solutes with adjacent epidermal cells. D. Fern guard cells shrink and swell in concert with adjacent epidermal cells.
D. Fern guard cells shrink and swell in concert with adjacent epidermal cells.
You may have heard that monarch butterflies (and their caterpillars) are "poisonous" to many predators. What makes these insects so toxic? A. Monarch caterpillars produce cardenolides in their digestive tracts. B. Monarch caterpillars use cardenolides from milkweed to synthesize toxins. C. Monarch caterpillars ingest milkweed latex, which "chokes" their predators. D. Monarch caterpillars store cardenolides from milkweeds. E. Monarch caterpillars secrete latex from their bodies.
D. Monarch caterpillars store cardenolides from milkweeds.
Many Northern Hemisphere grain farmers plant 'winter wheat' in the fall; these crops germinate quickly, and then over-winter before resuming growth and flowering in the spring. Winter wheat thus likely requires _________ before completing its life cycle. A. far-red light B. short nights C. red light D. vernalization E. heavy rain
D. vernalization
You purchase two identical houseplants and place them side by side on your windowsill. You keep the soil moist in one of the plants (plant A), and you water the other plant (plant B) only once every 2 weeks. Do you expect the plants to be the same height after 6 months of this watering regime? A. Yes, because both plants are still getting water. B. Yes, because both plants are still getting water and sunlight. C. No, because the cells of the apical meristem are unable to divide without sufficient water in plant B. D. No, because the cells of the apical meristem are unable to elongate without sufficient water in plant B. E. No, because the cells of the apical meristem are unable to express meristem identity genes without sufficient water in plant B.
D. No, because the cells of the apical meristem are unable to elongate without sufficient water in plant B.
To which superkingdom do humans belong? A. Archaeplastida B. Alveolata C. Excavata D. Opisthokonta E. Rhizaria
D. Opisthokonta
Which of the following statements is true for cycads and ferns, but not for conifers or ginkgo? A. Their extant diversity consists of a reduced set of "relict species" that have survived the appearance of the angiosperms by growing in environments where angiosperms do not have a clear advantage. B. Their extant diversity is confined to the same environments in which their peak historical diversity once existed. C. Their diversity has increased due to recent radiations into new environments, such as modern tropical rain forests created by angiosperms. D. Their total diversity has declined since its peak, even as the extant diversity consists of recent radiations coinciding with the diversification of angiosperms.
D. Their total diversity has declined since its peak, even as the extant diversity consists of recent radiations coinciding with the diversification of angiosperms.
How do sphagnum mosses contribute to the carbon cycle? A. As decomposers, they release large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. B. They produce phenols, which release the carbon stored in peat bogs. C. As heterotrophs, they remove large amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. D. They acidify their environment, which limits decomposition and CO2 release from peat bogs.
D. They acidify their environment, which limits decomposition and CO2 release from peat bogs.
Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have small genomes? A. They have small genomes because their bacterial ancestors did. B. They have small genomes because they do not need many genes to function. C. They have small genomes because they lack non-coding DNA. D. They have small genomes because over time, much of their nucleic acid has migrated to the host cell nucleus.
D. They have small genomes because over time, much of their nucleic acid has migrated to the host cell nucleus.
What is the evidence that fossil fuels are increasing the amount of present day CO2 in the atmosphere? A. The amount of the Carbon -12 isotope B. The amount of the Carbon-13 isotope C. The amount of the Carbon-14 isotope D. The ratio of all of the above
D. a ration of all of the above
Which one of the following is an adaptation shared by virtually all complex multicellular organisms that allows the organisms to receive the oxygen and nutrients they need? A. tissues or organs that function as pumps B. active transporters for oxygen and glucose C. restricted body size that corresponds to the environment D. amplification of surface areas
D. amplification of surface areas
The high silica content in grasses and the thick enamel layer on horse teeth are examples of: A. a trade-off between growth and defense. B. the "escape and radiate" hypothesis. C. symbiotic co-evolution. D. an evolutionary arms race.
D. an evolutionary arms race.
Recall that in many plants, if the shoot apical meristem is removed, axillary buds become active and new lateral branches form. What is this an example of? A. auxin dominance B. axillary dominance C. meristem dominance D. apical dominance
D. apical dominance
Which of the below statements is true regarding the movement of carbon among organisms in a food web and the transfer of energy among organisms in different trophic levels? A. Both energy and carbon can be continuously cycled. B. Neither energy nor carbon can be continuously cycled. C. Energy can be continuously cycled, but carbon cannot. D. Carbon can be continuously cycled, but energy cannot.
D. carbon can be continually cycled, but energy cannot
What is the cause of increased CO2 levels over recent time? A. volcanic gases B. carbon dissolved in the oceans C. respiration D. human activities
D. human activities
You are studying a plant protein that contains motifs similar to known receptors for chitin. You expect that this protein could be: A. an AVR protein. B. an R protein. C. inserted in the plant cell plasma membrane. D. inserted in the plant cell endoplasmic reticulum. E. None of the other answer options is correct.
D. inserted in the plant cell endoplasmic reticulum.
. The white, sticky, toxic liquid that runs through extracellular canals and is particularly common in plants of the milkweed family is called: A. filament. B. nectar. C. alkaloid. D. latex. E. tannin.
D. latex.
The movement of carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere to HCO3- (a byproduct of chemical weathering. on rocks to CaCO3 in coral skeletons and finally CaCO3 in limestone are all steps in the ____________. A. short-term carbon cycle B. nitrogen cycle C. sulfur cycle D. long-term carbon cycle
D. long term carbon cycle
Fossils show that leaves most likely evolved from: A. algal cells. B. endosymbiotic cyanobacterium. C. vascular tissue. D. photosynthetic stems. E. lateral meristems.
D. photosynthetic stems.
A researcher discovers a mutant carnation plant that lacks any A-class homeotic genes. Which of the following structures would be malformed (or absent) in this mutant? A. stamens B. carpels C. flowers D. sepals
D. sepals
Organisms that are dependent on oxygen for cellular respiration depend on which of the following processes to move oxygen into cells? A. facilitated diffusion B. active transport C. pinocytosis D. simple diffusion E. endocytosis
D. simple diffusion
Stomatal opening requires ATP to move _____________ from ____________ concentration. A. water; low to high B. water; high to low C. solutes; high to low D. solutes; low to high
D. solutes; low to high
A part of the carpel where pollination occurs is the A. ovary B. ovule C. style D. stigma
D. stigma
Choose the option that places the following events in plant defense in the correct order. 1. The plant cell recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as foreign and cleaves it into fragments. 2. Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) molecules bind to the protein-bound small interfering RNA (siRNA) and are destroyed. 3. A virus infects the host plant, injecting ssRNA into the cell. 4. The viral genome is replicated and dsRNA molecules are formed. 5. siRNA bind to a plant protein complex, which retains only one of the RNA strands. A. 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 → 5 B. 1 → 2 → 4 → 3 → 5 C. 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 D. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 E. 3 → 4 → 1 → 5 → 2
E. 3 → 4 → 1 → 5 → 2
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental feature that complex multicellular organisms have in common? A. Highly developed mechanisms for adhesion between cells B. Specialized structures for cell communication C. Tissue and organ differentiation D. Cell or tissue loss can be lethal for the organism E. A large subset of cells contribute to reproduction
E. A large subset of cells contribute to reproduction
Which of the following is/are thought to be adaptive predatory characteristics? A. cephalization B. jaws C. teeth D. B & C only. E. A, B, & C.
E. A,B, and C
Fungi include: A. yeasts. B. decomposers. C. pathogens. D. smuts. E. All of these choices are correct.
E. All of these choices are correct.
Treatment of plants with fungicides may result in a phosphorus deficiency. What is the most likely explanation for this observation? A. Phosphorus transporters in the plasma membrane of the plant cells are destroyed. B. Plant cell walls impede the uptake of phosphorus after fungicide has been sprayed to limit the amount of fungicide that enters the plant. C. ATP synthesis is blocked, so phosphorus cannot be absorbed into plant cells. D. Nitrogen fixation is inhibited. E. Mycorrhizal symbionts are destroyed by the fungicide.
E. Mycorrhizal symbionts are destroyed by the fungicide.
Which of the following statements about axillary, floral, and shoot apical meristems is true? A. When a shoot apical meristem (but not an axillary bud) converts to a floral meristem, further development of the whole plant ceases. B. Axillary buds can only grow out to become new shoots once the shoot apical meristem has been converted into a floral meristem. C. Shoot apical meristems can revert to vegetative meristem identity after having converted to a floral meristem and producing a flower, but axillary buds that give rise to flowers cannot. D. In shoot apical meristems that develop into flowers, the arrangement of floral organs is the same as that of the leaves produced earlier, while the floral organs of flowers that develop from axillary buds are free to follow a different arrangement. E. None of the other answer options is correct.
E. None of the other answer options is correct.
All of the following are part of a bacterial cell EXCEPT _____. A. DNA B. a cell wall C. a plasma membrane D. ribosomes E. an endoplasmic reticulum
E. an endoplasmic reticulum
Double fertilization occurs in all_______________________. A. bryophytes B. ferns and fern allies C. gymnosperms and angiosperms D. gymnosperms only E. angiosperms only
E. angiosperms only
In C4 plants, the Calvin cycle is carried out in _________________; CO2 is captured and processed during the C4 cycle in ______________. A. the day; the night B. mesophyll cells; bundle-sheath cells C. stomata; mesophyll cells D. the night; the day E. bundle-sheath cells; mesophyll cells
E. bundle-sheath cells; mesophyll cells
Which of the following plants were present on Earth 350 million years ago? A. lycophytes B. ferns and horsetails C. conifers D. angiosperms E. only lycophytes and ferns/horsetails
E. only lycophytes and ferns/horsetails
