BMGT 2200 - Ch 2b

Personal attitudes are comprised of the following three components:

1. Affective - feelings 2. Cognitive - Beliefs 3. Behavioral - Intentions

What are the three key general motives that predict or at least influence intention and behavior?

1. Attitude 2. Subjective norm 3. Perceived behavioral control

List three examples of standard organizational information that can affect motivation:

1. Reports on the organization's culture 2. Announcements of new training programs 3. News on key managers can also use: 4. Updates to human resource programs and policies 5. Announcements of new rewards of working for the company

List Shalom Schwartz's two bipolar dimensions of his Value Theory

1. Self-transcendence (concern for the welfare of others) 2. Self-enhancement (pursuit of one's own interests) 3. Openness to Change (self-directed independence) 4. Conservation (conformity)

Attitudinal measures serve the following two purposes:

1. They represent important outcomes that managers may be working to enhance directly 2. They link to other significant outcomes that managers will want to improve where possible

Define workplace attitude

An outcome of various OB-related processes, such as leadership

The degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation or appraisal of behavior in question is known as _____.

Attitude

Preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact is what value that guides behavior?

Benevolence

Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms is what value that guides behavior?

Conformity

Behaviors that harm other employees, the organization as a while, or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholders are known as:

Counterproductive work behaviors (CWB)

An increase in the following leads to an increase in what? 1. Increased customer loyalty and satisfaction 2. Increased employee performance 3. Increased employee well-being 4. Greater financial performance

Employee engagement

Pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself is what value that guides behavior?

Hedonism

What does the dispositional/genetic components model based on?

It's based on the belief that job satisfaction is partly a function of both personal traits and genetic factors

This environmental characteristic represents the motivating potential of the tasks we complete at work.

Job characteristics

People are more engaged when their manager is charismatic and when a positive, trusting relationship exists between managers and employees. This is an example of what environmental characteristic?

Leadership characteristics

How can managers better manage their employees?

Managers can better manage their employees when they understand an employees' values and motivation

The difference between what an individual expects to receive from a job, such as good pay and promotional opportunities, and what they actually receives is known as what part of the models of job satifaction

Met expectations

Individual behavior that is discretionary or voluntary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization is known as:

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life is what value that guides behavior?

Stimulation

Respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provides the self is what value that guides behavior?

Tradition

T or F: Values are generally stable.

True

_____ is harmful when high-performing employees voluntarily leave the organization

Turnover

Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection of the welfare of all people and of nature is what value that guides behavior?

Universalism

Personal values are _____.

abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations

Formally defined, job satisfaction is:

an affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job

OCBs are significantly related to both _____ consequences and _____ outcomesl

individual-level consequences and organizational-level outcomes

In the workplace, one of the simplest levers managers can use to change behavior is _____.

information

Research supports the conclusion that met expectations are significantly related to _____.

job satisfaction

Counterproductive work behavior has a strong negative relationship with _____.

job satisfaction.

Workplace attitudes predict _____.

likely behavior

According to Schwartz's theory, firms can reduce turnover by:

matching employee values with values that comprise the organizational culture.

According to the Ajzen model, someone's intention to engage in a given behavior is a _____.

strong predictor of that behavior

Values guide behavior _____.

subconsciously

Define job satisfaction:

the extent to which an individual likes his or her job

Employees will derive more meaning from work by pursuing goals that are consistent with _____.

their values

A person's values are stable over time, but personal values _____.

vary across generations and cultures.

In a work environment, the psychological contract represents an employee's beliefs about ______.

what he or she is entitled to receive in return for what he or she provides to the organization.

An individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting and the thought process that encapsulates this are called:

withdrawal cognitions

When people believe that their company truly cares about their best interests they are willing to _____.

work hard and commit to their organizations

List 3 organizational level factors:

1. Career opportunities 2. Managing performance 3. Organization reputation can also include 4. Communication 5. Recognition

What behaviors are linked with job satisfaction? (list 3-4)

1. Job performance 2. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) 3. Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) 4. Turnover

List three ways managers can foster perceived organizational support:

1. treating employees fairly 2. avoiding political behavior 3. providing job security can also include 4. empowering employees 5. reducing stressors in the work environment 6. eliminating abusive supervision 7. fulfilling the psychological contract

List another 5 of the 10 broad values that guide behavior

6. Universalism 7. Benevolence 8. Tradition 9. Conformity 10. Security OR 1. Power 2. Achievement 3. Hedonism 4. Stimulation 5. Self-direction

Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards is what value that guides behavior?

Achievement

Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources is what value that guides behavior?

Power

Explain need fulfillment

Proposes that satisfaction is determined by the extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill their needs

What is an effect of assigning an employee a project or task that is incongruent with their values and motivation?

Pursuit of incongruent goals may lead to conflicting employee actions and behaviors

Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self is what value that guides behavior?

Security

Independent thought and action choosing, creating, and exploring is what value that guides behavior?

Self-direction

Engagement is higher when employees are not confronted with this environmental characteristic:

Stressors

A social factor representing the perceived social pressure for or against the behavior is known as _____.

Subjective norm

What does the equity model propose?

That job satisfaction is a function of how "fairly" an individual is treated at work

What does the value attainment model propose?

That job satisfaction is fostered when jobs and rewards are structured to match employee values

Define perceived organizational support

The extent to which employees believe that the organization: 1. values their contributions and 2. genuinely cares about their well-being

What is employee engagement?

The extent to which employees give it their all to their work roles

To get other students on a team to contribute equally, one might tell them about the benefits of getting a good grade on the project in an attempt to create a positive _____ toward doing the work.

attitude

It is better to consider the relationship at the _____ level versus at the ______ level

business unit level versus at the individual level

The psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions) is known as ______.

cognitive dissonance

When attitudes and reality collide, we experience _____.

cognitive dissonance

Adjacent values are _____

complementary

When expectations are greater than what is received, a person will be _____, while an individual will be _____ when they attain an outcome above and beyond expectations.

dissatisfied; satisfied

Encouraging employee interest in doing a task and guiding employee behavior are two ways in which _____ is involved.

employee motivation

Personal attitudes encompass our _____ or _____ about _____.

feelings or opinions about people, places, and objects.

Psychological contracts represent an individual's perception about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between _____.

him/herself and another party

Bipolar values are _____

incongruent

Research tells us that job satisfaction and performance are ______ and ______.

moderately related and indirectly influence each other

Values are _____ and represent broad goals over time

motivational

Values are _____ in nature in that they represent broad goals that apply across contexts and time.

motivational

Organizational commitment reflects the extent to which an individual identifies with a(n) _____.

organization and commits to its goals

The perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior, assumed to reflect past experience and anticipated obstacles is known as _____.

perceived behavioral control

Employee engagement, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, greater trust, innovation, and lower tendency to quit are all associated with _____.

perceived organizational support

OCBs have a moderately _____ correlation with job satisfaction.

positive

One way to increase employee engagement is to make sure that the inputs in the organizing framework are _____.

positively oriented

What are three ways in which we can reduce cognitive dissonance?

1. Changing an attitude or behavior or both 2. Belittling the importance of the inconsistent behavior 3. Finding consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones

Organizational commitment leads to the following:

1. Greater employee retention 2. Greater motivation in pursuit of organizational goals

List four negative effects of stress:

1. Increased turnover 2. Heart Disease 3. Absenteeism 4. Viral Infections

For the organization, list 3 benefits that are linked to OCBs:

1. Higher productivity/efficiency 2. Lower costs 3. Improved customer satisfaction can also include 4. Higher unit-level satisfaction 5. Lower turnover

List four ways an organization can reduce voluntary turnover:

1. Hire people who "fit" with the organization's culture 2. Spend time fostering employee engagement 3. Provide effective onboarding 4. Recognize and reward high-performing employees

What are three ways in which we can increase employee commitment?

1. Hire those whose personal values most align with those of the organization 2. Guard against managerial breaches of psychological contracts 3. Build the level of trust

For the individual, list 3 benefits that are linked to OCBs:

1. Improved job satisfaction 2. Improved performance ratings 3. Reduced intention to quit can also include 4. Lower absenteeism 5. Lower turnover

What attitudes are linked with job satisfaction? (list 3-4)

1. Motivation 2. Job involvement 3. Withdrawal cognitions 4. Perceived stress

Two key points of OCB are:

1. OCBs are voluntary 2. OCBs help work groups and the organization to effectively achieve goals

List three interactions that workplace attitudes come from:

1. Organizational 2. Individual 3. Group

Savvy managers will track the following four key workplace attitudes:

1. Organizational commitment 2. Employee engagement 3. Perceived organizational support 4. Job satisfaction

What three factors contribute to employee engagement?

1. Organizational level factors 2. Person factors 3. Environmental characteristics

List three person factors:

1. Positive or optimistic personalities 2. Proactive personality 3. Conscientiousness

List 5 of the 10 broad values that guide behavior

1. Power 2. Achievement 3. Hedonism 4. Stimulation 5. Self-direction OR 6. Universalism 7. Benevolence 8. Tradition 9. Conformity 10. Security

Employee engagements includes the following four feelings:

1. Urgency 2. Being Focused 3. Intensity 4. Enthusiasm

List 3 examples CWBs:

1. bullying 2. theft 3. gossiping can also include 4. backstabbing 5. drug and alcohol abuse 6. destroying organizational property 7. violence 8. purposely doing bad/incorrect work 9. surfing the internet for personal use 10. excessive socializing 11. tardiness 12. sabotage 13. sexual harassment

List 3 ideas to increase employee engagement:

1. creation of career and developmental opportunities 2. recognizing people for good work 3. effectively communicating and listening can also include 4. effective use of performance management practices 5. allowing people to exercise during the workday

Attracting employees whose personal values align with those of the organization yields the following four benefits:

1. lower employee turnover 2. higher employee retention 3. higher employee engagement 4. increased customer satisfaction

Research shows that an employer breach of the psychological contract is associated with (list 4):

1. lower organizational commitment 2. lower job satisfaction 3. lower performance 4. greater intentions to quit