BMS 251 Exam 2

_________________ involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas __________________is bulk flow back into the blood.

Filtration Reabsorption

Describe the arterial end of a capillary bed.

Filtration dominates and is driven by hydrostatic pressure

Compare filtration and reabsorption

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.

attack abnormal and infected body cells

Natural Killer cells

The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of

capillaries

The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery because

capillary walls have only endothelium and a basement membrane.

which baroreceptors are more sensitive to blood pressure changes?

carotid sinus baroreceptors

which baroreceptors monitor the BP changes in the head and neck and are important in monitoring the BP that affects the brain?

carotid sinus baroreceptors

Valves in veins

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction

leukocytes are attracted to the site of infection by molecules released by dead cells, damaged cells, or invading pathogens. This is called

chemotaxis

arteries and veins that supply the same body region tend to lie next to one another and are called

companion vessels

When sphincters are ___________, blood bypasses capillary bed

constricted

Which is the most common type of capillary?

continuous

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of

diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Oxygen and carbon dioxiode are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of

diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Fibrinogen gets converted to ___________, which has what function?

fibrin -polymer -long strong cords that wrap around platelet plug =clot

following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, ______________ is converted into long, soluble strands of ____________, which help form a blood clot

fibrinogen fibrin

To destroy the fibrin framework of the clot, plasmin degrades the fibrin strands through __________________

fibrinolysis

colony-stimulating factors

influences the maturation and division of hemopoeic stem cells

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to

reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid

oxygen rich blood is bright red/scarlett due to

the oxidation/reduction of iron in the blood

The most important force in venous flow is

the pressure generated by the heart.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

What blood vessel type serves as a storage area for blood?

the veins

Arteriosclerosis is characterized by

thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica media.

Which kind of vessel provides a bypass for a capillary bed?

thoroughfare channel

The iron component of the RBC is removed and transported to the liver by a protein called

transferrin

Beta globulins

transport iron ions and lipids in blood

Alpha globulins

transport lipids and some metal ions

When medication is taken, the blood delivers it to body cells. What function of blood does this describe?

transportation

True of false: At rest, most blood is within the venous system.

true

True or false: The contraction of skeletal muscles play an important role in the movement of blood in the veins.

true

The ____ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

tunica intima

Which coat of an artery contains endothelium?

tunica intima

Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in the

tunica media

Distributing arteries contain a thick ____.

tunica media

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the

tunica media

The ___ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

tunica media

Valves similar to the semilunar valves of the heart are found in medium and large ____.

veins

Waste products are taken up by the capillaries at their ___ end.

venous

centrifuge separates blood based on

weight

What is the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs?

diffusion

Most blood is in the

veins

How to fix high BP?

-ACE inhibitor stunts ANG II formation and everything else cons: effects are too global can make BP too low b/c baroreceptors can mediate BP quickly but they aren't long lasting -ANG II receptor block blocks vasoconstriction eliminates cascade of blockages and allows just the receptor to be blocked

3 functions of erythrocytes

-O2 transport -acid/base regulation -CO2 transport

Thromboxane A2

-actinomyosin a contractile protein that squeezes platelet plug together -squeezes out any fluid/plasma -makes platelet plug tighter

process of recycling/elimination of erythrocyte components

-aged erythrocytes are phagocytize by macrophages -the three components of hemoglobin (heme, iron, globes) are separated -iron is stored in liver attached to ferritin and transported to red bone marrow as needed -globin proteins are broken down into amino acids released into blood; may be used to make RBCs -bilirubin is transported by albumin then released as a component of bile--> urobnillinogen in small intestine --> stercobilin and expelled in feces

Where are the two baroreceptors located?

-aortic artch -carotid sinus

respiratory pump

-assists the movement of blood within the thoracic cavity -when the diaphragm contracts and flattens, intra-abdominal pressure increases and places pressure on vessel in abdominal cavity -thoracic volume increases -intrathoracic pressure decreases

these are the short term mechanisms for BP regulation

-autonomic reflexes involving nuclei within the medulla oblongata

component of capillary

-basement membrane -endothelium

how does the greater amount of muscle in the muscular arteries affect them differently than the elastic arteries?

-better ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilatate -lessened ability to stretch

How EPO regulates erythrocyte production

-blood O2 levels can decrease due to high altitude, removal of aged RBCs, or blood loss -the kidney detects the low blood oxygen -kidney cells release EPO into the blood -EPO stimulates myeloid cells in the red bone marrow to increase rate of erythrocyte production -net effect: increased number of erythrocytes into a circulation, lungs oxygenate blood and the blood O2 increases

consequence of lack of plasma proteins

-causes osmotic pressure to decrease -fluid retention in interstitial space

continuous capillaries

-complete lining of endothelial cells around lumen -plasma and its components & some leukocytes pass through vessel wall -found in most capillaries

how do you vet a BV to vasodialate

-decrease firing of sympathetic nervous system -decrease norephinephrine

What occurs regarding the baroreceptors when the blood pressure decreases?

-decreased stretch in the blood vessel walls -barorecepters decrease frequency of firing rate -sympathetic system stimulates an increase in HR, SV, and CO -blood vessels vasoconstrict -increase in peripheral resistance -blood leave venous reservoirs and enter circulation

blood flow is ____________ (directly/inversely) related to pressure gradient

-directly -as BP gradient increases, total blood flow increases

direct stimulation (vasodilation)

-directly stimulating arterioles to dilate

process of vesicular transport

-endothelial cells use pinocytosis to form fluid-filled vesicles that are transported to the other side of the cell and released via exocytosis

Kidneys release this enzyme that binds to a substrate in the liver, which makes Angiotensin I

-enzyme= renin -substrate= Angiotensinogen

structures that have no capillaries

-epithelial tissue, cartilage, cornea/lens in eye

Albumin

-exerts osmotic force to retain fluid in blood -contributes to blood viscosity -responsible for fatty acid and hormone transport

hydrostatic pressure

-force exerted per unit area by the blood as it presses against the vessel wall -promotes filtration from the capillary

blood flow is _____________ (directly/inversely) related to resistance

-inversely -if resistance increases, blood flow decreases

Which organ works to make sure that the MAP stays relatively constant?

-kidneys

sinusoid capillaries

-lining of endothelial cells incomplete around lumen -basement membrane incomplete or absent -large substances, formed elements, and large plasma proteins can pass through -found in: red bone marrow, spleen, liver

differential count

-measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in blood -determines whether or not any circulating leukocytes are immature -useful in diagnosing conditions such as cancer

leukopoiesis involves these three types of maturation

-monocyte -lymphocyte -granulocyte

Fibrinogen

-participates in blood coagulation

Gamma globulins

-participates in blood coagulation

Autoregulation

-process by which a tissue regulates itself or controls its local blood flow in response to changing metabolic needs -inadequate perfusion due to increased metabolic activity of tissue -causes nutrient levels and oxygen levels to decrease -levels of CO2, H+, and lactate increase -vasodilation occurs -more blood enters capillaries -perfusion increases in tissues -regulated through negative feedback

These vasoactive chemicals cause vasoconstriction

-prostaglandins and thromboxanes -help prevent blood loss from damaged vessels

The return of blood vessels to their previous state. (ex: when a once physically active person becomes sedentary)

-regression

thickness of blood (viscosity) depends on

-relative % of particles in fluid and their interactions with one another

stimulation of the adrenal medulla by the sympathetic system causes

-release of epinephrine and norepinephrine -increased peripheral resistance -larger circulating blood volume -redistribution of blood flow: more to active muscles and heart, less to inactive muscles

fenestrated capillaries

-same as continuous but also contain fenestrations -large amounts of materials are filtered, released, and reabsorbed -some smaller proteins pass through vessel wall -found in: small intestine, ciliary process, choroid plexus, most endocrine glands, kidneys

Plasmin role in clot retraction

-scissors that cuts the fibrin polymer -allows healthy cells to replace the fibrin clot

adult red bone marrow is found where

-sternum -vertebrae -roofing bones of the skull

Angiotensin II

-stimulates thirst, hypothalamus to release ADH (causes water retention in kidneys)

this vasoactive chemical causes vasodilation via indirect stimulation

-stimulating endothelial cells of vessel to release nitric oxide which causes vasodilation

How does the body attempt to maintain blood pressure when over 10% of blood volume is lost?

-sympathetic division of ANS is activated -blood vessels vasoconstrict, HR increases, and there is an increased force of contraction in the heart

TPA-tissue plasmin activator

-takes plasminogen in circulation to active plasmin -plasmin does fibrinolysis

When muscles are inactive, what happens to the blood in the veins?

-the blood pools in the veins -increased risk of deep vein thrombosis

colloid osmotic pressure

-the pull of water back into the tissue via osmosis due to the tissue's concentration of proteins

If a patient has elevated levels of hematocrit, what does that mean?

-they are either dehydrated or participating in blood doping

components of artieries

-tunica intima -tunica media -tunica externa

reactive hyperemia

-when local blood flow is restored, there is an increased blood flow to affected tissue -resupplies tissue with O2 and nutrients -eliminates accumulated wastes -ex: when checks turn red when entering warm room after being in the cold

Blood loss greater than _____% results in insufficient blood volume within the blood vessels, and BP decreases to levels unable to support life

40

This WBC secretes heparin, which prevents all blood from clotting

Basophil

become plasma cells and produce antibodies

B-lymphocytes

Tendons and ligaments have a a low degree of vascularization. What does this mean about their perfusion and healing?

Low perfusion Slow healing

manage and direct immune responses; attack infected and foreign body cells

T-lymphocytes

when erythrocytes are removed from circulation, what happens to the proteins that were in the plasma membrane?

They are broken down into amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes

Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane

a: Endothelium d: Intercellular clefts f: Basement membrane

clot retraction occurs as the clot is forming when __________________, a contractile protein, contracts and squeezes the plasma out of the developing clot

actinomyosin

Serotonin

activates other platelets to adhere to each other

angiogenesis is stimulated in ___________ ____________ which occurs due to the deposition of fat

adipose tissue

Exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and pressure

albumins

ACE

angiotensin converting enzyme -forms Angiotensin II

Y-shaped proteins that are designed to recognize and immobilize specific antigens that are perceived as foreign to the body

antibodies

Are arteries or veins more resilient to changes in blood pressure?

arteries

What is the order of the blood vessel that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart?

artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

Movement of blood flow through a capillary ved

artieriole --> met arteriole --> true capillaries --> thoroughfare channel --> post capillary venule

ANP

atrial naturetic peptide -released when atria stretches more (from high salt conc., water diffuses more, and there is a higher BP) -when volume is lower, pressures lower

bilobed; blue-violent dark staining cytoplasmic granules

basophil

why does a blood pressure gradient exist?

because blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins

Why Is the blood pressure gradient in veins insufficient to move blood through veins without assistance?

because the blood pressure gradient is very small

The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of the capillary is

blood colloid osmotic pressure.

The most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary is

blood hydrostatic pressure

the relatively large amount of blood within veins allows veins to function as __________________ __________________

blood reservoirs

Sinusoids are found in

bone marrow, spleen, liver

Where are sinusoids found?

bone marrow, spleen, liver

vasoconstriction and vasodilation depends on receptors in smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of the BV wall. -stimulation of A1 receptors cause muscle cells to _______________ in response to norepinephine -stimulation of A2 receptors cause muscle cells to _____________ in response to norepinephrine

contract relax

What are the functions of the precapillary sphincters?

control blood flow into the true capillaries; cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule; open when the tissue needs nutrients; close when the tissues needs have been met

Precapillary sphincters

control the blood flow into capillary beds.

functions of lymphocytes

coordinate immune responses attack abnormal body cells

What would lead to relaxation of the precapillary sphincter?

decreased oxygen levels in tissue cells served by the capillary

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure _________________ (decreases/increases) as blood hydrostatic pressure _________________ (decreases/increases)

decreases decreases

Leukocytes participate in the process of _____________, or squeezing through endothelial cells of BV walls

diapedesis

Filtration

dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

The function of the postcapillary venule is to

drain the capillary bed

The blood vessels that are under the greatest pressure are the

elastic arteries

From heart to body tissues, what is the correct sequence of vessels?

elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary

The lining of a capillary is called the

endothelium

This WBC helps rid the body of parasites

eosinophil

This WBC phagocytosis everything that isn't "you" and plays a role in allergic reaction

eosinophil

lower layer in centrifuge

erythrocytes/formed elements makes up 44%

this type of RBC have specific granules in their cytoplasm

granulocytes

Compared to veins, arteries

have a thicker tunica media, a narrower lumen, and more elastic and collagen fibers

% of all formed elements in the blood

hematocrit

-a pigment -a protein -transports O2 and CO2 -is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes

hemoglobin

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then would the net filtration pressure be higher or lower than normal?

higher

why do adult males have a higher percentage of hematocrit?

higher level of testosterone= kidneys produce more EPO

This vasodilator increases cell permeability

histamine

basophil releases _________________, which can cause vasodilation

histamine

Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by _______________ pressure.

hydrostatic

A portal system:

is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

Why is blood considered a colloid?

it contains proteins in its plasma

why does water provide us with a stable medium blood-wise?

it has a high specific heat does not allow us to evaporate or boil easily

What organ works to regulate MAP

kidneys

____ arteries have the thickest tunica media.

large (or elastic or conducting arteries)

What components of the blood protect us from harmful substances?

leukocytes plasma proteins

high levels of these types of WBCs are indicative of chronic infection

monocytes

organs that are very metabolically active need ______________ (more/less) vascularization

more

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid and systemic capillaries

more fluid is filtered and then reabsorbed.

This WBCs degranulate into lysosomal enzymes, proteases, and free radicals to help fight bacterial infections

neutrophil

increased levels of this will indicate a bacterial infection

neutrophils

Is there parasympathetic innervation of blood vessels

no

is oxygen a vasodialator?

no

is water thicker than blood?

no

how do you get a BV to vasoconstrict

norepinephrine

the cardioaccelatory center causes the release of ____________________ from ganglionic neurons, which __________ the firing rate of the SA node and ____________ the delay at the AV node. It also stimulates the myocardium to produce a more ________________ contraction

norepinephrine increases decreases forceful

The hepatic portal system is an unusual vein in that it is transporting ___.

nutrient-rich blood

which type of pressure (hydrostatic/osmotic) is relatively unchanging?

osmotic b/c of proteins

force responsible for drawing in fluids in blood and preventing excess loss from blood capillaries to the interstitial fluid

osmotic force

When capillary sphincters are relaxed, the capillary bed is well ___________

perfused

top layer in centrifuge

plasma straw-colored liquid makes up 55% of blood sample

_________________ cells can differentiate and develop into many types of cells

pluripotent cells

hemopoesis

process of making formed elements occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) begins in hemocytoblasts produces two lines: myeloid and lymphoid

Blood contains___________ and ___________ that exert osmotic pressure which pulls fluid back into capillaries

proteins and ions

Capillary walls serve as effective permeability barriers for

proteins.

heat is related at the body surface as blood is transported through the vessels of the skin. What function of blood does this describe?

regulation (of temp)

Arteries are sometimes called the ___ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they have strong-resilient tissue structure.

resistance

Endothelium

simple squamous epithelium of capillaries

angiogenesis is stimulated in ____________ ____________ in response to aerobic training

skeletal muscle

Vasomotion is associated with the presence of

smooth muscle in the tunica media.

A latticework of ____________ protein supports the membrane of the RBC on its internal surface and provides flexibility as it moves thru the capillaries

spectrin

Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can

stimulate the release of nitric oxide, a vasodialator

At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor:

stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow

Describe arteries

strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

valves in veins

A network of small arteries called the ___ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

vasa vasorum

This network of small arteries provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels

vasa vasorum

Blood flow is increased by

vasodilation

carbon dioxide causes ___________________

vasodilation increases perfusion to help rid the body of CO2

histamine, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide are examples of

vasodilators