BNC1 Chapter 7

The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform?

Theory X - Douglas McGregor

The assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction?

Theory Y - Douglas McGregor

Needs that are satisfied internally, such as social, esteem, and self-actualization needs?

higher-order needs

Based on equity theory, employees who perceive inequity will make one of what six choices?

1. Change inputs, exert less effort if underpaid or more if overpaid, 2. Change outcomes, individuals paid on a piece-rate basis can increase their pay by producing a higher quantity of units of lower quality, 3. Distort perceptions of self , "I used to think I worked at a moderate pace, but now I realize I work a lot harder than everyone else, 4. Distort perceptions of others, "Mike's job isn't as desirable as I thought, 5. Choose a different referent, "I may not make as much as my brother-in-law, but I'm doing a lot better than my Dad did when he was my age, and 6. Leave the field, quit the job.

What is the best known theory of motivation?

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Individuals are motivated to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided? Positively reinforced behaviors are given more attention, learned better, and performed more often.

Reinforcement processes

People learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its critical features? We tend to be most influenced by models that are attractive, repeatedly available, important to us, or similar to us in our estimation.

Attentional processes

Models are central to the social-learning viewpoint. What four processes determine their influence on an individual?

Attentional processes, Retention processes, Motor reproduction processes, and Reinforcement processes

The probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance?

Effort-performance relationship

Vroms expectancy theory focuses on what three relationships?

Effort-performance, Performance-reward, and Rewards-personal goals

The researcher who developed self-efficacy theory, Albert Bandura, proposes what four ways to increase self-efficacy?

Enactive mastery, Vicarious modeling, Verbal persuasion and Arousal

Theory that deals with productivity, satisfaction, absence, and turnover variables? However, its strongest legacy is that it provided the spark for research on organizational justice, which has more support in the literature.

Equity theory/organizational justice

Theory offers a powerful explanation of performance variables such as employee productivity, absenteeism, and turnover? But it assumes employees have few constraints on decision making, such as bias or incomplete information, and this limits its applicability. It has some validity because, for many behaviors, people consider expected outcomes.

Expectancy theory

A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction?

Frederick Hertzberg's Two-factor Theory also called motivation-hygiene theory

Clear and difficult goals lead to higher levels of employee productivity, supporting goal-setting theory's explanation of this dependent variable? The theory does not address absenteeism, turnover, or satisfaction, however.

Goal-setting theory

Thus, for employees to see a process as fair, they need to feel they?

Have some control over the outcome and that they were given an adequate explanation about why the outcome occurred. It's also important that a manager is consistent across people and over time, is unbiased, makes decisions based on accurate information, and is open to appeals.

A theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation?

McClelland's theory of needs

Among the early theories of motivation which has had the best research support but has less practical effect than other theories?

McClelland's theory of needs

The processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal?

Motivation

After a person has seen a new behavior by observing the model, watching must be converted to doing? This process demonstrates that the individual can perform the modeled activities.

Motor reproduction processes

The drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards, and to strive to succeed?

Need for achievement nAch

Maslow's hierarchy, McClelland's needs, and the two-factor theory focus on needs? None has found widespread support, although McClelland's is the strongest, particularly regarding the relationship between achievement and productivity. In general, need theories are not very valid explanations of motivation.

Need theories

Probably the most relevant component of reinforcement theory for management, argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want?

Operant conditioning theory

This theory has an impressive record for predicting quality and quantity of work, persistence of effort, absenteeism, tardiness, and accident rates? It does not offer much insight into employee satisfaction or the decision to quit.

Reinforcement theory

The degree to which the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome?

Performance-reward relationship

A model's influence depends on how well the individual remembers the model's action after the model is no longer readily available?

Retention processes

The degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual?

Rewards-personal goals relationship

As research on the motivational effects of rewards has accumulated, it increasingly appears extrinsic rewards can undermine motivation if they are seen as coercive? They can increase motivation if they provide information about competence and relatedness.

Self-determination theory and cognitive evaluation theory

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task?

Self-efficacy also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory

A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual?

Victor Vroom's expectancy theory

In the self-efficacy theory, the fourth and last source is?

arousal, it leads to an energized state, so the person gets "psyched up" and performs better

A theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner?

behaviorism

A version of self-determination theory which holds that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling?

cognitive evaluation theory

Goal-setting theory and self-efficacy theory don't compete, they?

complement each other

Effort directed toward, and consistent with, the organization's goals?

direction

Of these three forms of justice, which is most strongly related to organizational commitment and satisfaction with outcomes such as pay?

distributive justice

Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals?

distributive justice

The effects of procedural justice become more important when?

distributive justice is lacking

According to Bandura, what is the most important source of increasing self-efficacy?

enactive mastery, that is, gaining relevant experience with the task or job. If you've been able to do the job successfully in the past, you're more confident you'll be able to do it in the future.

A theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities?

equity theory

Maslow's hierachy of needs that includes internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement, and external factors such as status, recognition, and attention?

esteem

Clear reasons management gives for the outcome?

explanations

What are the four ingredients are common to MBO programs?

goal specificity, participation in decision making including the setting of goals or objectives, an explicit time period, and performance feedback

A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance?

goal-setting theory

Factors such as company policy and administration, supervision, and salary that, when adequate in a job, placate workers? When these factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.

hygiene factors

Describes how hard a person tries?

intensity

What are the three key elements of motivation?

intensity, direction, and persistence

The perceived degree to which an individual is treated with dignity, concern, and respect?

interactional justice

Although social-learning theory is an extension of operant conditioning—that is, it assumes behavior is a function of consequences—it also acknowledges?

it also acknowledges the effects of observational learning and perception. People respond to the way they perceive and define consequences, not to the objective consequences themselves.

The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance?

job engagement

Needs that are satisfied externally, such as physiological and safety needs?

lower-order needs

A program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress?

management by objectives MBO

The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships?

need for affiliation nAff

The need to make others behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise?

need for power nPow

An overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice?

organizational justice

Another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization?

other-inside

Another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization?

other-outside

Measures how long a person can maintain effort?

persistence

Maslow's hierarchy of needs that includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs?

physiological

What are the five needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization—in which, as each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant

The perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards?

procedural justice

Which form of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?

procedural justice

The opportunity to present your point of view about desired outcomes to decision makers?

process control

Two key elements of procedural justice are?

process control and explanations

A theory that says that behavior is a function of its consequences?

reinforcement theory

Maslow's hierarchy of needs that includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm?

safety

Maslow's hierachy of needs that includes drive to become what we are capable of becoming; includes growth, achieving our potential, and self-fulfillment?

self-actualization

The degree to which peoples' reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values?

self-concordance

A theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation?

self-determination theory

An employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization?

self-inside

The referent an employee selects adds to the complexity of equity theory. What are four referent comparisons?

self-inside, self-outside, other-inside, and other-outside

An employee's experiences in a situation or position outside the employee's current organization?

self-outside

Maslow's hierachy of needs that includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship?

social

The view that we can learn through both observation and direct experience?

social-learning theory

In the self-efficacy theory, the third source is?

verbal persuasion, becoming more confident because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful. Motivational speakers use this tactic.

In the self-efficacy theory, the second source is?

vicarious modeling—becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task