Bone Tissue Test
Bone formation
requires replacement of pre-existing connective tissues
_____________ ossification occurs between fibrous connective tissue membranes
intramembranous
Compact bone
is arranged in units called osteons
The breakdown of bone matrix
is called bone resorption
Which of the following is true of bone remodeling?
it requires the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
lamellae
layers of matrix or rings that surroung the central canal
periosteum
Connective tissue that surrounds bone except for the articular cartilage.
lacunae
'little lakes', the small spaces between the lamellae
Place the events of endochondral ossification in the order in which they occur
1. Cartilage model development 2. Cartilage model growth 3. Primary ossification center development 4. Secondary ossification center development 5. articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation
Place the events of intramembranous ossification in the order of which they occur
1. Development of the ossification center 2. Calcification 3. Formation of trabeculae 4. Development of periosteum
Colle's fracture
A fracture of the radius in which the distal fragment is displaced
Ossification begins during the ____________ week after conception
6th or 7th
Relationship between the skeletal system and the blood
Bones make red blood cells, some bones house hemopoietic tissue that makes blood cells.
zone of proliferating cartilage
Chondrocytes divided to replace those lost at the diaphysial side of the epiphyseal plate
zone of hypertonic cartilage
Consists of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns
zone of calcified cartilage
Contains mostly dead chondrocytes; invaded by osteoclasts and then osteoblasts
osteoclasts
Dissolve the calcified cartilage, and osteoblasts invade the area laying down bone matrix
development of cartilage model
Does not occur during intramembranous bone development; must arise from mesenchyme template which then developed chondroblasts that secrete cartilage extracellular matrix which produces a cartilage model
formation of trabeculae
Extra cellular matrix forms into trabeculae which fuses together to form spongy bone. Blood vessels grow into the spaces between the trabeculae and the connective tissue differentials into red bone marrow
zone of resting cartilage
Firmly join epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
Pott's fracture
Fracture of the fibula, with injury of the tibial articulation
Bone increases...
In diameter by appositional growth and in length by interstitial growth
development of periosteum
Mesenchyme condenses. A thin layer of compact bone then replaces the surface layers of the spongy bone
calcification
Occurs after development of ossification center during intramembranous bone development; occurs prior to chondrocyte death in other form of bone development. Deposition of mineral salts, primarily hydroxyapatite, in framework formed by collagen fibers in which the tissue hardens
development of ossification center
Occurs after mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate during intramembranous bone development
impact fracture
One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into another
osteoblasts
Synthesize and secret collagen fibers and initiate calcification
Which of the following are requires for proper bone growth?
Vitamins: A, B12, C, D and K, minerals: Ca and P, hormones
mesenchyme
a loosely organized, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into connective and skeletal tissues, including blood and lymph.
The pediatrician tells the parents that their child has a greenstick fracture. In layman's terms, what is a greenstick fracture?
a partial break that results in one side of the broken bone bending
Which individuals are most likely to have osteoporosis?
a petite, chain-smoking, sedentary 70 year old woman of Asian American heritage. Athletes who are not menstruating due to decreased body fat. People who do not have enough calcium intake
All of the following are true of exercise and bone EXCEPT
adolescence should avoid weight bearing exercises to prevent bone loss in their later years
Compared to intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification...
allows both interstitial and appositional growth
compound fracture
an injury in which a broken bone pierces the skin, causing a risk of infection.
What is found at the end of long bones
articular cartilage, epiphyses
Functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, assisting in movement; mineral homeostasis, ___________ production and triglyceride
blood cell
comminuted fracture
broken ends of bones are fragmented
Activity of the epiphyseal plate causes the __________ of a bone to grow in length
cartilage
Components of the skeletal system
cartilage, ligaments, connective tissues, bones
The epiphyseal plate
consists of 4 zones of chondrocytes
The zone of calcified cartilage
contains mostly dead chondrocytes; invaded by osteoclasts and then osteoblasts
osteoporosis is...
decreased bone mass resulting in porous bones. affects more women then men
Which event must occur first in appositional growth of bone
differentation of periosteal cells into osteoblasts
trabeculae
each of a series or group of partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue, especially a plate of the calcareous tissue forming cancellous bone.
Which of the following is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?
endosteum
The expanded ends of long bones that contain the epiphyseal plate are called...
epiphyses
compact bone is organized into concentric rings of bone, which are called osteons or _______
haversian system
Spongy bone
house red bone marrow
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage over the bone ends of freely movable joints.
What type of bones are formed in intramembranous ossification?
mandible, flat plates of the skull, bones that replace soft spots on an infants skull
osteocytes
mature bone cells function to maintain its daily metabolism
The hollow space inside of long bones that is lined with endosteum and filled with yellow marrow is the _________
medullary cavity
Which blood vessels are associated with a hole in the shaft of a long bone?
nutrient arteries and veins
Which of the following cells would be expected to be most active in replacing bone matrix lost due to an injury?
osteoblasts
Which structures allow communication between blood vessels and nerves in the periosteum and endosteum?
perforating (Volkmann's) canal
__________________ is a constant process of alternating osteoclast and osteoblast activity that replaces worn bone and reshapes bone along lines of stress
remodeling
The framework of bones and cartilages that supports and protects the body is the _________ system
skeletal system
Functions of the skeletal system
support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, movement, storage of energy,
diaphysis
the body or shaft of a long bone
epiphyses
the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
endosteum
thin membrane that lines the bone surface of the medullary cavity.
canaliculi
tiny channels filled with interstitial fluid that radiate in all directions from the lacunae.
All of the following are associated with compact bone except...
trabeculae
Spongy bone is organized into _________ instead of osteons
trabeculae
osteons
unit of compact bone that houses the central canal, osteocytes, lacunae, canaiculi and the lamallae
osteogenic cell
unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme.