Bone Tissue Test

Bone formation

requires replacement of pre-existing connective tissues

_____________ ossification occurs between fibrous connective tissue membranes

intramembranous

Compact bone

is arranged in units called osteons

The breakdown of bone matrix

is called bone resorption

Which of the following is true of bone remodeling?

it requires the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

lamellae

layers of matrix or rings that surroung the central canal

periosteum

Connective tissue that surrounds bone except for the articular cartilage.

lacunae

'little lakes', the small spaces between the lamellae

Place the events of endochondral ossification in the order in which they occur

1. Cartilage model development 2. Cartilage model growth 3. Primary ossification center development 4. Secondary ossification center development 5. articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation

Place the events of intramembranous ossification in the order of which they occur

1. Development of the ossification center 2. Calcification 3. Formation of trabeculae 4. Development of periosteum

Colle's fracture

A fracture of the radius in which the distal fragment is displaced

Ossification begins during the ____________ week after conception

6th or 7th

Relationship between the skeletal system and the blood

Bones make red blood cells, some bones house hemopoietic tissue that makes blood cells.

zone of proliferating cartilage

Chondrocytes divided to replace those lost at the diaphysial side of the epiphyseal plate

zone of hypertonic cartilage

Consists of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns

zone of calcified cartilage

Contains mostly dead chondrocytes; invaded by osteoclasts and then osteoblasts

osteoclasts

Dissolve the calcified cartilage, and osteoblasts invade the area laying down bone matrix

development of cartilage model

Does not occur during intramembranous bone development; must arise from mesenchyme template which then developed chondroblasts that secrete cartilage extracellular matrix which produces a cartilage model

formation of trabeculae

Extra cellular matrix forms into trabeculae which fuses together to form spongy bone. Blood vessels grow into the spaces between the trabeculae and the connective tissue differentials into red bone marrow

zone of resting cartilage

Firmly join epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

Pott's fracture

Fracture of the fibula, with injury of the tibial articulation

Bone increases...

In diameter by appositional growth and in length by interstitial growth

development of periosteum

Mesenchyme condenses. A thin layer of compact bone then replaces the surface layers of the spongy bone

calcification

Occurs after development of ossification center during intramembranous bone development; occurs prior to chondrocyte death in other form of bone development. Deposition of mineral salts, primarily hydroxyapatite, in framework formed by collagen fibers in which the tissue hardens

development of ossification center

Occurs after mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate during intramembranous bone development

impact fracture

One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into another

osteoblasts

Synthesize and secret collagen fibers and initiate calcification

Which of the following are requires for proper bone growth?

Vitamins: A, B12, C, D and K, minerals: Ca and P, hormones

mesenchyme

a loosely organized, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into connective and skeletal tissues, including blood and lymph.

The pediatrician tells the parents that their child has a greenstick fracture. In layman's terms, what is a greenstick fracture?

a partial break that results in one side of the broken bone bending

Which individuals are most likely to have osteoporosis?

a petite, chain-smoking, sedentary 70 year old woman of Asian American heritage. Athletes who are not menstruating due to decreased body fat. People who do not have enough calcium intake

All of the following are true of exercise and bone EXCEPT

adolescence should avoid weight bearing exercises to prevent bone loss in their later years

Compared to intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification...

allows both interstitial and appositional growth

compound fracture

an injury in which a broken bone pierces the skin, causing a risk of infection.

What is found at the end of long bones

articular cartilage, epiphyses

Functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, assisting in movement; mineral homeostasis, ___________ production and triglyceride

blood cell

comminuted fracture

broken ends of bones are fragmented

Activity of the epiphyseal plate causes the __________ of a bone to grow in length

cartilage

Components of the skeletal system

cartilage, ligaments, connective tissues, bones

The epiphyseal plate

consists of 4 zones of chondrocytes

The zone of calcified cartilage

contains mostly dead chondrocytes; invaded by osteoclasts and then osteoblasts

osteoporosis is...

decreased bone mass resulting in porous bones. affects more women then men

Which event must occur first in appositional growth of bone

differentation of periosteal cells into osteoblasts

trabeculae

each of a series or group of partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue, especially a plate of the calcareous tissue forming cancellous bone.

Which of the following is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?

endosteum

The expanded ends of long bones that contain the epiphyseal plate are called...

epiphyses

compact bone is organized into concentric rings of bone, which are called osteons or _______

haversian system

Spongy bone

house red bone marrow

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage over the bone ends of freely movable joints.

What type of bones are formed in intramembranous ossification?

mandible, flat plates of the skull, bones that replace soft spots on an infants skull

osteocytes

mature bone cells function to maintain its daily metabolism

The hollow space inside of long bones that is lined with endosteum and filled with yellow marrow is the _________

medullary cavity

Which blood vessels are associated with a hole in the shaft of a long bone?

nutrient arteries and veins

Which of the following cells would be expected to be most active in replacing bone matrix lost due to an injury?

osteoblasts

Which structures allow communication between blood vessels and nerves in the periosteum and endosteum?

perforating (Volkmann's) canal

__________________ is a constant process of alternating osteoclast and osteoblast activity that replaces worn bone and reshapes bone along lines of stress

remodeling

The framework of bones and cartilages that supports and protects the body is the _________ system

skeletal system

Functions of the skeletal system

support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, movement, storage of energy,

diaphysis

the body or shaft of a long bone

epiphyses

the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

endosteum

thin membrane that lines the bone surface of the medullary cavity.

canaliculi

tiny channels filled with interstitial fluid that radiate in all directions from the lacunae.

All of the following are associated with compact bone except...

trabeculae

Spongy bone is organized into _________ instead of osteons

trabeculae

osteons

unit of compact bone that houses the central canal, osteocytes, lacunae, canaiculi and the lamallae

osteogenic cell

unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme.