Bones

The periosteum becomes the perichondrium where it covers the articular cartilage. a. False b. True

a. False

Give examples of fibrous joints.

1. cranial sutures 2. Tooth sockets 3. Interosseous membrane

Give the 4 steps of intamembranous ossification.

1. Development of the ossification center. 2. calcification. 3. Formation of trabeculae. 4. Develpoment of the periosteum.

Give examples of cartilaginous joints.

1. Sternocostal 2. Intervertebral 3. Pubic symphysis

The skeletal system performs several basic functions. Name all Six.

1. Support 2. Protection 3. Assistance in movement 4. Mineral homeostasis 5. Blood cell production 6. Triglyceride storage.

What are the for steps in bone fracture repair.

1.Reactive phase: Formation of a fracture hematoma. 2. Reparative phase 1: fibrocartilaginous callus formation. 3. Reparative phase 2: Formation of a boney callus. 4. Bone remodeling phase.

Which of the following occurs in mechanically stressed bones? Select all that apply. A . bone resorption decreases B. increased production of collagen fibers C. strength increases D. increased deposition of mineral salts E. bone resorption increases F. bone deposition increases

A, B, C, D, F

A male patient, age 65, visits the doctor. Diagnostic testing and measurement has determined that he has lost 15% of his bone mass since age 30. The physician should be concerned. A. True B. False

A. True

Bacterial infection of bone can occur from_________________. Select all that apply. A. abscessed teeth B. bone remodelling C. orthopedic surgery D. urinary tract infections E. open fractures F. penetrating wounds

A. abscessed teeth C. orthopedic surgery D. urinary tract infections E. open fractures F. penetrating wounds

Bones function in the storage of A. minerals and triglycerides B. triglycerides and glycogen C. triglycerides only D. minerals only

A. minerals and triglycerides

A female patient, age 65, visits the doctor. Diagnostic testing and measurement has determined that she has lost 15% of her bone mass since age 30. The physician should prescribe osteoporosis medication. A. True B. False

B. False

A patient will not feel pain during a bone marrow biopsy, due to the lack of nerves in the bone marrow. A. True B. False

B. False

Fracture repair can be thorough enough to leave no trace on the repaired surface of the bone. A. True B. False

B. False

The presence of higher levels of PTH in the blood increases the number and activity of A. the genes for PTH B. osteoclasts C. cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) molecules D. parathyroid gland cells

B. osteoclasts

In the negative feedback system for regulation of blood calcium concentration, the control center regulates synthesis of ___________. A. osteoclasts B. parathyroid hormone C. parathyroid gland cells D. the gene for PTH E. cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)

B. parathyroid hormone

Vitamin D deficiency can cause which of the following diseases? Select all that apply. A. osteoporosis B. rickets C. osteomalacia D. osteosarcoma E. osteopenia F. osteomyelitis

B. rickets C. osteomalacia

Mature bone cells are known as______. A. Osteoclasts B. Osteoblasts C. Osteocytes D. Osteoprogenitor

C. Osteocytes

When a child has reached the end of their growth period, the _______ in the metaphysis is replaced by bone.

Cartilage

The chondrocytes in the zone of __________ cartilage divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. A. resting B. hypertrophic C. calcified D. proliferating

D. proliferating

Which bones of the body develop by intramembranous ossification?

Flat bones of the skull, most facial bones, the mandible (lower jawbone), and the medial part of the clavicle.

What is the functional classification of synovial joints?

Functionally, synovial joints are diarthroses, freely movable joints.

Why does it sometimes take months for a fracture to heal?

Healing of bone fractures can take months because calcium and phosphorus deposition is a slow process, and bone cells generally grow and reproduce slowly.

_______ is the process by which red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are produced.

Hematopoesis

Where in the cartilage model do secondary ossification centers develop during endochondral ossification?

Secondary ossification centers develop in the regions of the cartilage model that will give rise to the epiphyses.

How does the medullary cavity enlarge during growth in thickness

The medullary cavity enlarges by activity of the osteoclasts in the endosteum.

This functional joint category is slightly movable. a. Amphiarthrosis b. Synovial c. Diarthrosis d. Synarthrosis

a. Amphiarthrosis

Calcitonin inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds blood calcium uptake by bone, and accelerates calcium deposition into bones. a. True b. False

a. True

As long bones form in the fetus, the formation of the medullary cavity occurs because of the actions of osteoblast cells. a. True b. False

b. False

In primary ossification, the first type of bone that forms and replaces the cartilage model is compact bone. a. True b. False

b. False

With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor? a. a greater rate of bone resorption results in loss of calcium salts from the bone matrix b. with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength c. a loss of the ability of bone cells to synthesize vitamin C needed for collagen synthesis d. most elderly people are deficient in vitamins A and D, and also in calcium e. for women and men, the complete loss of estrogen means that all older individuals will develop osteoporosis

b. with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength

During fetal life and infancy the flat bones are separated by membrane-filled spaces called? a. plaoderm b. hyline cartalige c. fontanels d. xyphoid

c. fontanels

In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)? a. epiphysis b. diaphysis c. metaphysis d. periosteum e. endosteum

c. metaphysis

This functional joint category has the greatest amount of movement. a. Amphiarthrosis b. Synarthrosis c. Cartilaginous d. Diarthrosis

d. Diarthrosis

Which is NOT a part of the events that result in parathyroid hormone's control of blood calcium levels? a. In response to low Ca2+ levels, cells of the parathyroid gland speed up synthesis of PTH (parathyroid hormone) b. PTH acts on the kidneys to decrease excretion of calcium in the urine c. PTH stimulates the conversion of vitamin D into its active form (calcitriol) d. PTH acts on the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland to increase the level of the hormone calcitonin e. PTH increases the number and activity of osteoclasts which dissolve bone matrix and release Ca2+ to diffuse into the blood stream

d. PTH acts on the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland to increase the level of the hormone calcitonin

Which of the following tissues could be found on or within a bone, such as the humerus? adipose tissue a. nervous tissue b. cartilage c. osseous tissue d. all of these

d. all of these

Which of the following factors affect bone remodeling and growth? a. minerals b. vitamins c. hormones d. all of these choices

d. all of these choices

Most bones arise from the ____ layer, but cranial bones arise from the _____ layer. a. ectoderm, mesoderm b. mesoderm, plaoderm c. osetoderm, plaoderm d. mesoderm, ectoderm

d. mesoderm, ectoderm (form facial bones)

Bone tissue stores 99% of the body's calcium. Calcium plays important roles beyond the mineralization of bones. The exchange of calcium between bone and body fluids (especially the blood) is regulated by several hormones. Which of the following is the most important hormone regulating calcium exchange? a. vitamin D (calcitriol) b. calcitonin c. thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) c. human growth hormone (hGH) d. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

d. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture (the steps are listed below but are not in the correct sequence of events): 1. osteoblasts form trabeclular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus 2. bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site 3. fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form the fibrocartilage callus 4. a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die 5. phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma a. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 b. 5, 4, 3, 1, 2 c. 4, 5, 2, 3, 1 d. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 e. 4, 5, 3, 1, 2

e. 4, 5, 3, 1, 2

The mass of blood that forms around the site of a fracture is called a ______

hemetoma

Stress causes a bone to become stronger by _____ deposition of mineral salts and collagen fibers.

increasing

What are two ways in which bone forms?

intramembranous ossification and endochandral ossification.