brain and behavior quiz 10

Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight? a. Melatonin b. Serotonin c. Melanopsin d. Tryptophan

a. Melatonin

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the a. alpha. b. beta. c. delta. d. gamma.

a. alpha.

When a hamster or a person continues to display an activity cycle without any external cues about the time of day, the cycle is said to be a. arrhythmic. b. dysrhythmic. c. circumspect. d. free-running.

a. arrhythmic

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in a. awakenings. b. stage 2 sleep. c. stage 3 sleep. d. REM sleep.

a. awakenings.

Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity. a. basal forebrain b. optic chiasm c. thalamus d. reticular formation

a. basal forebrain

A diurnal animal will likely feed during the a. daytime. b. nighttime. c. period just before dusk. d. daytime and the nighttime.

a. daytime.

Nocturnal animals are usually asleep during the a. daytime. b. nighttime. c. period just before dusk. d. period just before dawn.

a. daytime.

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep. a. pontine b. forebrain c. brainstem d. hypothalamic

a. pontine

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by a. sustained SWS. b. ongoing arousal. c. alternating periods of arousal and sleep. d. intense seizure activity.

a. sustained SWS.

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of a. sustained sleep. b. intense arousal. c. arousal and sleep in alternating periods. d. intense seizure activity.

a. sustained sleep.

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to a. the consolidation of perceptual learning. b. the effort to shed bad memories. c. the processing of intense sexual excitement. d. the problem-solving activities of the brain.

a. the consolidation of perceptual learning.

The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display a. unilateral sleep. b. only SWS. c. erratic circadian rhythms. d. only REM sleep.

a. unilateral sleep.

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by a. vague visual imagery. b. a lack in intellectual content. c. realistic visual imagery. d. complicated story lines.

a. vague visual imagery.

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______. a. women; the later stages of life b. men; the later stages of life c. women; middle age d. men; middle age

a. women; the later stages of life

REM sleep is normally preceded by stage _______ sleep. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

b. 2

Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false ? a. Autopsy of patients with this disorder shows degeneration in the cortex and thalamus. b. It is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia. c. It is caused by a defect in the gene for a prion protein. d. People with this disorder show diffuse bacterial infections.

b. It is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia.

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs? a. The adult hamster will be arrhythmic. b. The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm. c. The adult hamster will regain its original 24-hour rhythm. d. The adult hamster will fail to entrain to the light-dark cycle.

b. The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep. a. increase b. abolish c. diminish d. have no effect on

b. abolish

. Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion. a. lengthens b. abolishes c. does not affect d. shortens

b. abolishes

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours. a. just under 24 b. about 20 c. about 12 d. about 8

b. about 20

If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), their circannual rhythms will a. persist, with a period of 365 days. b. become free-running. c. disappear. d. persist, but only in females.

b. become free-running.

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 AM generally experience a. increased levels of depression. b. better academic performance. c. lower school attendance. d. faster growth rates.

b. better academic performance

Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______. a. atonia; sleep b. cataplexy; consciousness c. sleep-onset insomnia; REM sleep d. sleep apnea; snoring

b. cataplexy; consciousness

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of a. blocking long-term retention. b. improving long-term retention. c. undoing the learning. d. impairing retrieval of the learned material.

b. improving long-term retention.

Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the a. tuberomammilary nucleus. b. locus coeruleus. c. reticular formation. d. basal forebrain.

b. locus coeruleus.

Frightening dreams associated with stage 3 sleep are called a. nightmares. b. night terrors. c. vertex spikes. d. night spindles.

b. night terrors.

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep. a. deeper; stage 1 b. shorter; REM c. longer; stage 2 d. longer; stage 3

b. shorter; REM

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of a. sleep paralysis. b. sleep apnea. c. insomnia. d. REM behavior disorder.

b. sleep apnea.

In a person who is sleeping, _______ sleep shows periodic bursts of 12‒14 Hz brain activity in an EEG recording. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stages 3 d. REM

b. stage 2

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by a. the immediate onset of deep SWS. b. the immediate onset of REM. c. a usual pattern of SWS and REM sleep. d. the lack of REM.

b. the immediate onset of REM.

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep. a. the latter half b. the initial half c. the last complete cycle d. the first 30 minutes

b. the initial half

The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because a. it feeds light information to the eye. b. the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light. c. it secretes the hormone melatonin, which is a metabolite of a hallucinogen. d. it is the only unilateral structure in the brain.

b. the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light.

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness. a. tuberomammillary nucleus; locus coeruleus b. tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation c. locus coeruleus; coeruleus d. locus coeruleus; reticular formation

b. tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called a(n) _______ rhythm. a. infradian b. ultradian c. circadian d. circannual

b. ultradian

The usual duration of the typical human repeating sleep cycle is a. 1‒2 minutes. b. 10‒20 minutes. c. 90‒110 minutes. d. 3‒4 hours.

c. 90‒110 minutes.

Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep. a. 5 b. 20 c. 50 d. 80

c. 50

A woman has just celebrated her 100 th birthday. Which description of her sleep is mostly likely to be true? a. She still enjoys sleeping in until 9 AM most days. b. Long periods of REM sleep in her usual sleep cycle. c. An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep. d. She routinely has a problem with falling asleep, but once asleep she stays asleep until morning.

c. An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep.

12. _______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling. a. Entrainment b. Zeitgeber c. Jet lag d. Free-run

c. Jet lag

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 3 c. REM d. Both a and b

c. REM

Disinhibition of spinal cord motoneurons during REM sleep can lead to _______ disorder. a. sleep apnea b. sleep-maintenance insomnia c. REM behavior d. sleep paralysis

c. REM behavior

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are a. exactly 24 hours long. b. a little less than 24 hours long. c. a little more than 24 hours long. d. completely unpredictable.

c. a little more than 24 hours long.

The cortical EEG pattern of an isolated brain animal is characterized by a. sustained sleep patterns. b. intense arousal patterns. c. alternating periods of arousal and sleep. d. intense seizure activity.

c. alternating periods of arousal and sleep.

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except a. frequent awakenings. b. snoring. c. an abundance of REM sleep. d. low oxygen levels during sleep.

c. an abundance of REM sleep.

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate a. SWS. b. REM sleep. c. awakening. d. delta waves.

c. awakening.

_The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm. a. infradian b. ultradian c. circadian d. circannual

c. circadian

If SCN neurons are transplanted from animal A to animal B, and animal B previously had its SCN lesioned, animal B's rhythmicity will a. disappear. b. become abnormally short. c. match the donor's rhythm. d. become infradian.

c. match the donor's rhythm.

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the a. spinal cord. b. medulla. c. midbrain. d. thalamus.

c. midbrain.

In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show a. period adjustment. b. zeitgeber. c. phase shift. d. arrhythmia.

c. phase shift.

Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes. a. SCN b. pituitary c. pineal gland d. thalamus

c. pineal gland

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. REM

c. stage 3

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. REM

c. stage 3

Sleep enuresis is associated with _______ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. REM

c. stage 3

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. REM

c. stage 3

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during a. daytime periods of wakefulness. b. an entire night's sleep. c. stage 3 sleep (SWS). d. sleep following periods of stress.

c. stage 3 sleep (SWS).

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a a. period adjuster. b. phase shift. c. zeitgeber. d. temporizer.

c. zeitgeber.

The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n) a. oscillating cycle. b. phase marker. c. zeitgeber. d. biological rhythm.

c. zeitgeber.

Hamsters carrying the _______ mutation show abnormally short free-running rhythms. a. alpha b. gamma c. delta d. tau

d. tau

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep? a. Energy conservation b. Niche adaptation c. Restoration of brain and body d. Brain rest

d. Brain rest

Which statement is about the molecular clock is false ? a. The proteins Clock and Cycle bind to form a dimer. b. The Clock/Cycle dimer enhances DNA transcription of the genes for Per and Cry. c. Per and Cry inhibit the Clock/Cycle dimer. d. Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.

d. Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.

A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex? a. Basal forebrain b. Optic chiasm c. Spinal cord d. Pons

d. Pons

If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. REM

d. REM

Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. REM

d. REM

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation. a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. REM

d. REM

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except a. hallucinations and disorientation. b. difficulty concentrating. c. increases in irritability. d. a strengthened immune system.

d. a strengthened immune system.

The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called a. period adjustment. b. zeitgeber. c. phase adjustment. d. entrainment.

d. entrainment.

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by a. the periodic appearance of spindles. b. low-voltage, high-frequency scalp EEG activity. c. slow waves with a frequency of 10 Hz. d. large-amplitude delta waves.

d. large-amplitude delta waves.

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that a. relax the body. b. prevent REM sleep. c. prevent stage 3 sleep (SWS) d. reduce anxiety.

d. reduce anxiety.

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the a. basal forebrain. b. optic chiasm. c. locus coeruleus. d. reticular formation.

d. reticular formation.

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last a. less than a few seconds. b. less than 1 minute. c. up to 15 minutes. d. up to 40 minutes.

d. up to 40 minutes.

Any cue that an animal uses to synchronize its activity with the environment is called a(n) a. entrainer. b. phase. c. period. d. zeitgeber.

d. zeitgeber.