British Rule in India & Independent States in South & Southeast Asia

Who ruled after Nehru's death?

His daughter, Indira Gandhi (not related to Mohandas Gandhi)

What played a major role in reshaping the political boundaries of South Asia (India)?

Religion

What did the British government do in response to the revolt?

The East India Company no longer ruled India. The British government now ruled over India DIRECTLY with Queen Victoria as Empress of India.

What did the Indians call the Great Rebellion/Sepoy Mutiny?

The FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

What happened when India became independent?

The INC (Indian National Congress) governed but was now called the Congress Party. It was led by Jawaharlal Nehru.

stalemate

in a war where neither side is able to make significant gains

Indian National Congress (INC)

A small group of Indians met in Mumbai to form this group. The INC didn't demand immediate independence but did call for a share in the governing process.

Mohandes Gandhi

Advocate for NON-VIOLENT resistance in order to gain Indian independence from Great Britain

India & Pakistan separated because of religious differences & Bangladesh later broke off from Pakistan because of language & cultural differences.

After World War II, most of Southeast Asia gained independence EXCEPT Vietnam (France controlled it)

who were the zamindars

British local officials sent to the rural areas to collect taxes. They took advantage of their authority and increased taxes & forced less fortunate peasants to become tenants or lose their lose their land entirely. Peasant unrest grew.

The Indian people paid a high price for the peace & stability brought by British rule. What was the greatest cost?

Economic because instead of the local people manufacturing the products - the British manufactured the products which damaged the local industries. For example, British textiles put thousands of women out of work & ruined the Indian textile industry.

Did the Indians will the revolt/war against the British?

Even thought the Indians outnumbered the British & fought bravely, they were not well organized & rivalries between the Hindus & Muslims kept the Indians from working together.

Where did the first trial run of a passenger train travel to and from?

From Bombay to Thane

How did Gandhi die?

He was assassinated as he was going to morning prayer.

What did the Indian constitution of 1950 forbid?

DISCRIMINATION based on gender & equal pay for equal work. Women became politically active & held high offices

What else did the British introduce to India besides the educational system?

Railroads The telegraph The postal Service

Sikhs

followers of a religion based on both Hindu & Muslim ideas.

What was Mohandas Gandhi's aim?

(Hindu) To force the British to improve the poor and grant independence to India. His movement led to Indian independence.

Rabindranath Tagore

A great writer and poet, spiritual leader, educator, philosopher, singer, painter. He set up a school that became an international university (Calcutta). His life mission was to promote pride in the Indians in the face of British domination.

What were the costs of the British rule for the Indians?

...

Vietminh (group of communists)

Ho Chi Minh was elected president of communist Vietnam. After Vietnam fought France over independence, France agreed to split Vietnam in two- communist & non-communist with France controlling the South (non-communist). The US, afraid that all of Vietnam would become communist, helped fight against the communist Vietnam & there was a stalemate -US withdrew forces - very very controversial war (Vietnam war) because millions of our troops died for what many Americans felt was unnecessary.

What was one of the most difficult things India faced?

Huge population growth, worsening poverty, millions lived in slums. It was the slums in Calcutta that Mother Teresa helped poor, sick & dying people

What was the GREAT REBELLION or also called the SEPOY MUTINY (this is what the British called it?

In 1857, there was a growing distrust of the British & the Indians revolted

What happened on August 15, 1947?

India and Pakistan became independent.

British India was divided into two states. What were they?

India, mostly Hindu & Pakistan, mostly Muslim.

sepoys

Indian soldiers hired to protect the British East India company's interests in the region

Kanpur

Indians armed with swords & knives massacred 200 DEFENSELESS women & children in a building known as the House of the Ladies - this happened during the revolt. The British got revenge before executing the Indians who did this.

What positive effect did Nehru have on India?

Industrial production almost tripled between 1950 and 1965.

What were the benefits of the British rule for the Indians?

It brought order and stability to the Indian society which had been badly divided by civil war. It also led to a honest & efficient government.

What was the problem with the new educational system in India that was introduced by historian Lord Thomas Macaulay?

It served only the elite, upper-class Indians. 90% of the population of Indians remained illiterate (unable to read)

Conflict still exists today between the Hindu-Muslins. What is the danger of their fighting in recent years?

Kashmir, is the territory between India & Pakistan & both countries patrol the border. In 1998, India & Pakistan both tested nuclear warheads. Religious & ethnic diversity within India, Pakistan, & Sri Lank continues to create unrest.

Punjab

Many Sikhs lived here & wanted it to be independent but Gandhi (the daughter of Nehru) refused & the Sikh rebels took refuge in the Golden Temple. Gandhi used her military force & 450+ Sikhs were killed. Two of Gandhi's personal bodyguards took revenge & assassinated her. Her son, Rajiv Gandhi replaced her. He was assassinated too.

More than a million people were killed. Why?

Mass migrations - when the Hindus & Muslims fled across the new borders.

British rule destroyed what in India?

Native industries & degraded Indians

Bangledesh - very poor

Pakistan is split in two - East Pakistan declared its independence in 1971 & became the new nation of Bangledesh.

What are the underlying causes of political strife in India

Religious & ethnic conflicts, poverty

Queen Victoria

She became Empress of India after the revolt. The East India Company was no longer the ruler. India became Queen Victoria's "Jewel in the Crown."

British rule brought what to India?

Stability - And The British also brought over to India a sense of superiority over the Indians

What company was sent over to India to become actively involved in the political & military affairs of India?

The British East India Company

How did the British rule India?

The British East India Company had soldiers & forts and they also hired Indian soldiers-sepoys.

What led to the Indian nationalist movement?

The British considered themselves better than the Indians. They showed disrespect for India's cultural heritage. The Taj Mahal, a tomb for the wife of a Indian ruler, became a place for weddings and parties. Partygoers brought hammers to chip off pieces as souvenirs.

What led to 30 million Indians dying of starvation?

The British encouraged farmers to grow cotton instead of food. Food supplies could not keep up with the growing population (1800-1900).

What were 2 effects of the Great Rebellion?

The East India Company became an agent (was hired) by the British government & after the revolt, Queen Victoria was made Empress of India.

Who were the first Indian nationalists?

The were upper class and English-educated. Many were from Mumbai.

What was the immediate cause of the revolt?

There was a rumor that the British greased the bullets with cow & pig fat and the cow was sacred to Hindus and the pig was taboo to Muslims. A group of sepoys (Indian soldiers) refused to load their rifles with the new bullets and the British arrested them & the sepoys went on a rampage & killed 50 European men, women, & children.

What was the purpose of the new school system set up by Lord Thomas Macaulay?

To train Indian children to serve in the government and army.

How was independence finally achieved in Southeast Asia?

World War II started the process of independence just as it did in Africa

viceroy

a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch - The British government ruled India directly through a British official assisted by a civil service staff

Thomas Macaulay

responsible for introducing an educational system into India -- decided the schools would use the English language NOT Arabic or Sanskrit - he felt that the most valuable books were written in the English language.