BS 124 Chapter 2

a biomarker test for cancer should ideally be

inexpensive, easy to perform, and specific

glucose, ribose, 6 carbon sugar are examples of

monosaccharides

the opposite of a decomposition reaction is a ___ reaction

synthesis

apricot have a pH of 3.8. therefore, they are ___

acidic

electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water are

acids

vinegar, grapes, tomatoes and coffee are examples of what

acids

an acid reacting with a base is

an exchange reaction

matter is composed of elements, which are composed of

atoms

in a covalent bond

atoms share a pair of more of electrons

an organic compound always contains

carbon and hydrogen

the atomic weight of an element whose atoms contain 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons is

16

the first electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of

2 electrons

a decomposition reaction can be symbolized by

ab a+b

the type of organic molecule that can replicate is a

nucleic acid

a triglyceride consists of

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

carbon can form ___ covalent bonds

4

the midpoint of the pH scale is pH

7

carbon hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen: account for more than ___% of the human body weight

95%

a biomarker is

a body chemical associated with a particular disease or exposure to a toxin

the formula h2o refers to

a molecule that contains 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of

cations

an example of a biomarker is

cholesterol

exposure to ionizing radiations may

cloud the lens of the eye, cause cancer, interfere with normal growth

nucleic acids are

composed of building blocks called nucleotides

the pH scale measures the

concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

the atoms of different elements have

different atomic numbers

water causes ionically-bonded atoms to

dissociate

___ has the unique ability among types of organic molecules to replicate

dna

stores genetic information, including instructions for enzymes that synthesize fats and carbohydrates

dna

dna and rna differ in that

dna holds genetic informations and rna uses that information to synthesize protein

the parts of an atom that army single negative electrical charges are called ___

electrons

when atoms form chemical bond, the subatomic particles that directly interact are the ___

electrons

a chemical reaction in which parts of different molecules trade positions is an

exchange reaction

t/f. a complex carbohydrate consists of a phosphate group attached to a sugar molecule

false

t/f. a person with alkalosis has a blood pH less that 7.3

false

t/f. a phospholipid differs structurally from triglyceride in that it has three phosphate groups attache to the glycerol molecule rather than three fatty acid chains

false

t/f. a substance that releases hydrogen ions in water is a base

false

t/f. an acid is an electrolyte that relates hydroxide ions in water

false

t/f. an atom with 10 protons and which has lost 2 electrons is electrically neutral

false

t/f. cholesterol, a type of lipid, is composed of 3 fatty acid chains attached to glycerol

false

t/f. glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that we get directly by eating plants

false

t/f. nucleic acids are composed of building blocks called amino acids

false

t/f. proteins encode nucleic acids

false

t/f. radioactive isotopes have stable nuclei

false

t/f. sodium and chloride atoms combine readily because they both lose electrons

false

t/f. the number of protons in an atom of an element always equal the atomic weight

false

when cations and anions meet, they

form ionic bonds

synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for

growth of body parts

a simple carbohydrate

has a molecular formula of c6h12o6

saturated fats ___ than unsaturated fats

have more single carbon-carbon bonds

the secondary structure of a protein molecule is the result of

hydrogen bonds

proteins denature when

hydrogen bonds break

table sugar breaking down in to glucose and fructose is a ___ reaction

hydrolysis

the isotope most likely to be used to study the thyroid gland is

iodine-131

the type of chemical bond formed when ions with opposite electrical charge attract is an ___ bond

ionic

electrolytes are substances that

ionize in water

in the body, oxygen

is used during cellular respiration.

when forming a bond, an atom that has 3 electrons in its second shell and filled first shell will

lose 3 electrons from its second shell

two or more atoms bonding form a ___

molecule

a water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is

neutral

the type of subatomic particle that does not have an electrical charge is a

neutron

the atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of

neutrons

___ are building blocks of nucleic acids

nucleotides

in an ionic bond

oppositely charged atoms attract

PET imaging follows the emission of

positrons

the amino acid sequence of a protein is its ___ structure

primary

amino acids are building blocks of ___

protein

in phenylketonuria, an individual cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. molecules that include phenylalanine build up in the blood, which causes intellectual disability and other symptoms. this inherited disease can be controlled by following a diet that is very low in

protein

an enzyme is a ___.

protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted

the atomic number of an atom equals the number of ___ and the atomic weight equals the ___.

protons; number of protons plus neutrons

atomic radiation is useful for treating cancer because

radiation harms cancer cells more readily than it does most non cancer cells

a person has alkalosis if the blood pH

rises above 7.5

nucleic acids include

rna and dna

bases reacting with acids form ___ and water

salts

glycogen is stored in the liver and

skeletal muscles

the difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is

tenfold

conformation is

the 3D shape of a molecule, such as a protein

the informational content of DNA and RNA is in the nitrogenous bases because

the bases are of several types and therefore can form a code sequence

chemistry deals with

the composition and changes of substances that make up living as well as non- living matter

a complete atom is electrically neutral because

the number of electrons equals the number of protons

isotopes of an element have

the same atomic number but different atomic weights

the parts of a protein that change when it denatures are

the secondary and tertiary structures

a CT scan differs from a conventional x ray image because it is

three dimensional

the ___ uses iodine in a synthesis reaction

thyroid gland

t/f. a base is an electrolyte that releases ions that combine with hydrogen ions

true

t/f. a protein is formed from a sequence of amino acids

true

t/f. a strong acid reaction with a strong base produces a salt

true

t/f. an atom that has gained or lost electrons is called an ion

true

t/f. an electrolyte ionizes in water

true

t/f. chemically inert atoms always have their outermost electron shell full

true

t/f. chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and how matter changes

true

t/f. dna and rna are nucleic acids

true

t/f. the symbol Na+ represents a sodium atom that has lost an electron

true

t/f. water is an example of a compound

true