BSC2011L Final

In the diagram attached, which pair of species are sister taxa? lamprey and tuna tuna and salamander salamander and turtle turtle and leopard

turtle and leopard

The production of a new structure, following the removal of an existing structure, in an adult animal is known as ___. cell fate determination differentiation regeneration

regeneration

What types of genes are typically activated during determination? genes coding for enzymes genes coding for structural proteins regulatory genes no genes

regulatory genes

You are studying the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in a population of Drosophila. The allele frequency of the fast allele is 0.3 and the allele frequency of the slow allele is 0.7. Assuming the population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes in the population? 0.21 0.09 0.49 0.42

0.42

The variance for a sample with values 2,2,2,6,6, and 6 is ___. 4.8 2 5 2.5

4.8

If a sample of 36 measurements has a variance of 25, what is the standard deviation? 6 5 25/36 5/6

5

If a sample of 36 measurements has a variance of 25, what is the standard error? 6 5 25/36 5/6

5/6

The study of species diversity and the role of interactions among species in influencing diversity is known as ___. ecosystem ecology population ecology behavioral ecology community ecology

community ecology

If you were to do a χ2 test on the data, what would the expected value be for the individuals with white fur and blue eyes? 15 12.5 9.375 3.125

9.375

Herbivory and predation are both examples of which type of ecological interaction? Mutualism Consumption Competition Commensalism

consumption

What type of data is analyzed using a chi-squared ( χ2 ) test? continuously varying measurements mean values for different groups counts all of the above

counts

Two flies that are both homozygous for the fast allele of alcohol dehydrogenase are mated (neither has mated previously). They have many homozygous fast offspring and one offspring that is a heterozygote. What evolutionary force is responsible for this result? mutation migration genetic drift natural selection

mutation

The value (sum of all measurements/total number of measurements) for a sample is known as the ___. median mean mode variance

mean

The arrow on the diagram is pointing to ____. a node a terminal taxon the root of the tree a branch

a node

What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 assuming independent assortment? 3:1 9:3:3:1 1:1:1:1 1:1

9:3:3:1

The allele for white hair in mice is autosomal recessive (b), while the allele for black hair is autosomal dominant (B). A white, female mouse mates with a black, male mouse. If the offspring are half black and half white, what are the possible genotypes for the black, male mouse? Bb or bb BB only Bb only bb only

Bb only

Which of the following is correct regarding species abundance and relative species abundance? Species abundance describes how common or rare one species is relative to other species in a community while relative species abundance describes the number of organisms of one species in a geographic area Species abundance describes the number of organisms of one species in a geographic area while relative species abundance is how common or rare one species is relative to other species in a community Species abundance and relative species abundance are the same measurement Species abundance describes how many species are in an area while relative species abundance describes how many individuals of one species are in a community

Species abundance describes the number of organisms of one species in a geographic area while relative species abundance is how common or rare one species is relative to other species in a community

A succulent plant is grown in a low light situation so that it is very tall. pale, and has few leaves compared to its siblings grown in full sun. Is this an evolutionary change or not, and why? not evolution because no genetic changes evolution becuase phenotypic change not evolution because phenotypic change a and c

a and c

Why would ecologists or conservation biologists study species abundances? To learn how the physical environment affects the presence of a species To learn how the presence of human populations affect the presence or absence of a species To determine how future modifications to an ecosystem might affect its inhabitants All of the above are valid reasons

all of the above are valid reasons

What is the difference between an allele and a gene (locus)? they are exactly the same allele applies to genes on the sex chromosomes an allele is a particular version of a gene an allele is always dominant

an allele is a particular version of a gene

Based on what you know, what kind of cross is being done here? autosomal monohybrid cross autosomal dihybrid cross sex-linked monohybrid cross sex-linked dyhibrid cross

autosomal dihybrid cross

The allele for white hair in mice is autosomal recessive (b), while the allele for black hair is autosomal dominant (B). A white, female mouse mates with a black, male mouse. What are the possible genotypes for the white, female mouse? Bb or bb BB only Bb only bb only

bb only

The rest of the questions are based on the following scenario: You have guinea pigs from two pure breeding lines. One line has black fur and red eyes and the other line has white fur and blue eyes. When you cross them, all the F1 guinea pigs have black fur and blue eyes. When you cross the F1s to one another, you get a total of 50 F2 offspring. There are 31 with black fur and red eyes, 15 with white fur and blue eyes, 2 with white fur and red eyes, and 2 with black fur and blue eyes. There are approximately equal numbers of males and females in each phenotypic category. Which alleles are dominant? black, red black, white black, blue white, blue

black, blue

A scientists adds fertilizer to the soil in a grassland and measures a change in the insects feeding on the plants. This change is an example of which of the following? mutualism competition bottom up control top down control an energy pyramid

bottom up control

A scientist wants to test the idea that temperature affects the rate at which crickets 'sing' (technically called stridulation). She places crickets in different temperatures and records the singing rate. The singing rate is the ___. independent variable dependent variable hypothesis most accurate measurement

dependent variable

A cell in an embryo that still resembles the original cells of that embryo but will eventually form the spinal cord is ___. determined only differentiated only determined and differentiated neither determined nor differentiated

determined only

Hox genes play an important role in _____________ development and contribute to ____________. nerve, determination embryonic, differentiation skeletal, differentiation human, determination

embryonic, differentiation

Why is a food web a more accurate representation of a community than a food chain? most organisms are specialists and have only one food source food webs incorporate competition and mutualism unlike food chains food chains don't tell you at what trophic level each species occurs food webs can show that species can occur at multiple trophic levels food webs just look better

food webs can show that species can occur at multiple trophic levels

Which evolutionary force is most powerful in small populations? mutation migration genetic drift natural selection

genetic drift

Which of the following is true because of the fact that only about 10% of food is used to make more biomass? High trophic level organisms are usually very common High trophic level organisms are usually uncommon Middle trophic level organisms are usually uncommon Middle trophic level organisms are usually very common

high trophic level organisms are usually uncommon

The use of DNA sequences to estimate phylogenies is based on the idea that DNA sequences in different taxa can be ___. convergent parsimonious homologous interesting

homologous

The proposal that singing rate depends on temperature is the ___. independent variable dependent variable hypothesis most accurate measurement

hypothesis

The temperature to which crickets are exposed is the ___. independent variable dependent variable hypothesis most accurate measurement

independent variable

A measurement that is highly precise has which of the following characteristics? it is very close to the 'true' value it is highly repeatable it is biologically meaningful both a and b

it is highly repeatable

A measurement that is highly accurate has which of the following characteristics? it is very close to the 'true' value It is highly repeatable It is biologically meaningful both a and b

it is very close to the 'true' value

A large sample of flies from the population in question 2 is moved to a new habitat. There are no flies existing there. There is a lot more fermenting fruit (and thus alcohol) in this environment compared to the original environment. Over 10 generations, the frequency of the fast allele increases from 0.3 to 0.6. What evolutionary force is responsible for this result? mutation migration genetic drift natural selection

natural selection

Girardia tigrina (formerly Dugesia tigrina) have an abundance of ________________ allowing them to regenerate body parts cells mitochondria neoblasts ribosomes

neoblasts

What does the law of segregation state? in an organism, each locus has two alleles only one allele per locus is present in each gamete only one trait can be inherited per locus a and b

only one allele per locus is present in each gamete

Why is the combination of DNA data and parsimony so powerful? parsimony does not apply to DNA sequences, so it is not powerful most DNA data is non-coding and cannot be used except in parsimony analyses DNA has only 4 possible character states parsimony maps the evolution of each base in the sequence so there are a huge number of characters

parsimony maps the evolution of each base in the sequence so there a huge number of characters

A community is a group of __________________ of different species that all occur in the same area. populations ecosystems offspring genomes

populations

A species interaction in which on species benefits and another species does worse than it would if it was alone is known as ___. predation mutualism photosynthesis production

predation

Organisms that feed upon plants are known as ___. producers primary consumers secondary consumers ovipositors

primary consumers

Which of the following is NOT the cause of problems when using morphological characteristics to construct a phylogeny? rapid evolution during adaptive radiation slow gradual change in traits over time convergence lack of shared characteristics among taxa

slow gradual change in traits over time

If you do a t-test and you get p<0.04, what does the value mean? the two means you are comparing are different the populations you are comparing have different means the probability that the two populations have the same mean is less than 4% none of the above are true

the probability that the two populations have the same mean is less than 4%

Why is it important to use individuals from pure breeding lines to start crosses? to remove any effects of linked genes to ensure the individuals are homozygous to ensure the individuals are heterozygous to test the dominance relationship between the alleles

to ensure the individuals are homozygous