The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
Galileo
an Italian polymath. Galileo is a central figure in the transition from natural philosophy to modern science and in the transformation of the scientific Renaissance into a scientific revolution. Important discoveries were things like made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics and philosophy. He invented an improved telescope that let him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots and the rugged lunar surface. The moon's surface was rough and uneven. Moon's orbitting Jupiter. Venus had phases.
What was the medieval view of the natural world
All was founded in God
Who was Thomas Hobbes and what were his views
English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign.
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft and what were her views
English writer and feminist. Her A Vindication of the Rights of Woman defied assumptions about male supremacy and championed educational equality for women. In 1797 she married William Godwin and died shortly after giving birth to their daughter Mary Shelley.
Who was john Locke and what were his views
English) Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.
How so you know what you know (epistemology
Epistemology is the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified belief. It analyzes the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. It is essentailly about issues having to do with the creation and dissemination of knowledge in particular areas of inquiry. Epistemology asks questions like: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", "What do people know?", "What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge?", "What is its structure, and what are its limits?", "What makes justified beliefs justified?", "How we are to understand the concept of justification?", "Is justification internal or external to one's own mind?"
how did the new approaches of observation and experimentation challenge the authority of the Catholic Church
Faith can't be proven .. God can't be proven ... Experimentation that worked to prove things int he natural world did not explain god and challenged how the catholic church taught
Copernicus
He believed that the sun was the center of the universe. At that time it was commonly believed that the earth was the center. The Bible stated that the earth was the center of the universe and if this truth was wrong people could cast doubt on other teachings of the church.
how does the Scientific revolution move beyond ancient knowledge to create new knowledge
New discoveries allowed scientist to began to question and experiment to explain natural phenomena
How does Renaissance thinking lead to the Scientific revolution thinking
People questioned traditional learning and observed nature for themselves. Translations of classical texts exposed scholars to new ideas,. Discoveries by explorers showed that accepted ideas could be wrong.
how does the Scientific revolutionary thinking lead to enlightenment thinking
The Enlightenment grew out of the Renaissance, Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution. Like all of these other movements, much Enlightenment thinking challenged accepted beliefs. Enlightenment philosophers wanted to use the ideas and reason of the Scientific Revolution for problems in government and society.
What was enlightenment
The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a philosophical movement that took place primarily in Europe and, later, in North America, during the late 17thand early 18thcentury.
What was the scientific revolution and how was it a revolution
The Scientific Revolution fundamentally represented a change in how Europeans understood the universe and their world. Beginning with Copernicus's publication of De Revolutionibus and continuing through the work of Kepler, Galileo, and Sir Isaac Newton, to name only the most prominent thinkers, educated Europeans began to understand nature as conforming to certain natural laws which could be understood through scientific inquiry. This, along with the emergence of the scientific method of critical inquiry, was the real advance of the Scientific Revolution.
how did people approach science differently during this time
The new scientific approach promoted critical thinking. Nothing was to be accepted on faith. Belief in miracles and superstition was replaced by reliance on reason and the idea that rational thinking would uncover a plan governing the universe.
how does trade and increased wealth help spur the enlightenment
Trade brings new ideas and wealth allows for the resources to build new things and experiments
Who were other significant philosophers/scientists that made progress during this time.
Voltaire- French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. Rousseau- French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society. (Social Contract) Bacon-English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation (Scientific Method) Isaac Newton- English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.