bus 100 FINAL
The world's income is distributed equally among nations.
False
Reasons for the destruction of rain forests include:
Commercial logging. Conversion of forests to plantations. Cattle ranching.
Some studies have shown that the burden of complying with safety regulations falls hardest on: A. Small businesses. B. Large businesses. C. The government. D. The manufacturing sector only.
A
What stakeholder group(s) can exercise legal power? A. Customer environment. B. Social environment. C. Competitor environment. D. Economic environment.
A
The amount of land and water a human population needs to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes given prevailing technology is called:
Ecological footprint
Which of the following statements accurately describe the role of chief sustainability officer?
Supervises staff across functional areas. Requires strong interpersonal skills. Typically reports to the CEO.
When environmentally proactive companies seek out imaginative, innovative new methods for reducing pollution and increasing efficiency, they are adopting which strategy?
Technological innovation
The most important agreement which codifies human rights is the:
The United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Once an issue has been identified, its implications must be: Analyzed. Acted upon. Segmented. Deleted.
Analyzed
What kind of power might a local community use to influence a company's decisions? A. Publicizing an issue. B. Challenging whether a business activity should continue to operate. C. Lobbying government policy makers for regulations. D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Microfinance refers to:
Encompasses the provision of financial services and the management of small amounts of money through a range of products and a system of intermediary functions that are targeted at low-income clients.
The primary reason that governments try to keep pace with technology is to: Ensure that the public is protected. Avoid threats to individuals. Control the speed of innovation. Manage the cost of technology.
Ensure the public is protected
Which of the following countries is not one of the top 15 Internet users? China. United Kingdom. United States. Singapore.
Singapore
Assets that a person accumulates and owns at a certain point in time are called:
wealth
A society where economic power is concentrated in the hands of government officials and political authorities is called:
A central state control system
Positive reputation can be valued as an intangible corporate: Asset. Expense. Charity. Liability.
Asset
What stakeholder group(s) can exercise legal power? A. Customers. B. Employees. C. Shareholders. D. All of the above.
D
The phase of technology that focuses on building material goods and manual labor is: Industrial. Information. Service. Agrarian.
Industrial
Since 2000, most changes to federal regulatory oversight of environmental protection have been due to:
Agency rule making.Executive action.
Which of the following statements is true of air pollution?
Air pollution occurs when more pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere than can be safely absorbed and diluted by natural processes
The growing diversity in the U.S. workforce is due to: Immigration from other countries. Shifting patterns of work and retirement. Millennials entering the workforce. All of the above.
All of the above
Which country recently enacted new laws to counter bribery and corruption? Russia. Argentina. Somalia. Brazil.
Brazil
The term "glass walls" refers to: A company's lack of commitment to diversity. Fewer opportunities to move sideways into jobs that lead to the top. Fewer opportunities for direct upward advancement. Reliance on word of mouth by recruiters for top positions—"the old boys' network" from which women are excluded.
Fewer opportunities to move sideways into jobs that lead to the top
In 2013, North Korea opened Internet access to which group of people? All of its natural citizens. Foreigners using mobile devices and laptops. Investors of Koryolink, a state-owned telecommunications company. South Korean residents.
Foreigners using mobile devices and laptops.
In the U.S., the right to free speech: Depends on state law. Must be weighed against the consequences for the community. Is an absolute privilege to all citizens. Is a constant threat to every business.
Must be weighed against the consequences for the community.
In 2015, 2 billion people worldwide used social networking sites: Once per hour. Once per day. Once per week. Once per month.
Once per month.
Which sales channel is projected to top $450 billion within the next several years? Brick and mortar stores. Mobile sales. Online sales. Flea markets.
Online sales.
A thin layer of gas that protects the earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation from the sun is:
ozone layer
According to a Forbes study, what percentage of executives agreed that diversity encourages innovation? 10 percent. 50 percent. 68 percent. 85 percent.
85%
A reason for an increase in employee monitoring does not include: A. To reduce the employer's health insurance premiums. B. To avoid lawsuits if employees act in inappropriate ways. C. To achieve greater efficiency at work D. To make sure employees do not disclose confidential information.
A
Over time, the nature of business's relationship with its stakeholders often: A. Evolves through a series of stages. B. Remains static. C. Becomes more hostile. D. None of the above.
A
Since the mid-1950s the proportion of American workers represented by unions has: A. Decreased B. Increased. C. Grown only in the manufacturing sector. D. Remained about the same.
A
A company can increase diversity and inclusion in the workforce by: Showing foreign films weekly. Moving all operations overseas. Hiring only foreign-born managers. Accommodating family needs outside of work.
Accommodating family needs outside of work
By law, the financial records of publicly held companies are required to be: Audited by a certified professional accounting firm. Summarized in the employee manual for new hires. Managed by an accounting department of at least five CPAs. Reviewed quarterly by the IRS.
Audited by a certified professional accounting firm.
Contemporary issue management: A. Was useful in the 1970s, but not today. B. Is an interactive, forward thinking process. C. Is used by all government agencies. D. Is a linear process.
B
Once an organization has implemented the issue management program, it must: A. Use trade associations or consultants to follow high priority issues. B. Study the results and make necessary adjustments. C. Pick a selected number of issues to address immediately. D. Not limit the number of public issues the firm can address.
B
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act makes it illegal for employers to: A. Sue federal contractors for fraud. B. Retaliate against whistle-blowers who report information that could have an impact on the value of a company's shares. C. Hire employees who have a prior record of accounting fraud. D. Both B and C, but not A
B
The drivers of stakeholders of engagement are: A. Financial, operational, and legal. B. Goals, motivation, and operational capacity. C. Scanning, assessment, and growth. D. Data, strategy, and organizational development.
B
Under U.S. Laws: A. Only private workers have the right to hold an election to choose what union they want to represent them, if any. B. Most private and public workers have the right to hold an election to choose what union they want to represent them, if any. C. Only public workers have the right to hold an election to choose what union they want to represent them, if any. D. Only the employer has the right to hold an election to choose what unions they want to represent the workers within the organization, if any.
B
Which of the following is not true about the guidelines for sentencing environmental wrongdoers set by the U.S. Sentencing Commission in the event of a violation?
Businesses having no active compliance program would be granted an extension to develop a program
Sustainable development: A. Meets the needs of the present while compromising the ability of future generations tomeet their own needs. B. Gives precedence to environmental over economic considerations. C. Balances economic and environmental considerations. D. Gives precedence to present needs over future needs.
C
General Electric's "Ecomagination" effort to invest in clean technology is an example of:
Clean technology
Life-cycle analysis involves:
Collecting information on the lifelong environmental impact of a product in order to minimize its adverse impacts at all stages, including design, manufacture, use, and disposal.
The board committee that administers and approves salaries and benefits of high-level managers in a company is called the: Executive committee. Nominating committee. Human resources committee. Compensation committee.
Compensation committee.
The costs of corporate social responsibility may ultimately be passed on to the:Investor through stock splits. Supplier through discounts. Consumer through high prices. Taxpayers by the government
Consumer through high prices.
Economic regulations:
Cut across industry lines.
An individual who is a supporter of globalization would argue that it helps the developing world by: D) All of the Above A. Giving entrepreneurs access to foreign investment funds to support economic development. B. Allowing new ideas and technological innovations to spread quickly. C. Providing people in developing countries with more jobs.
D
Variation in the important human characteristics that distinguish people from one another is called: Workforce variability. Affirmative action. Diversity. Difference.
Diversity
Supporters of digitized medical records claim that: The number of common medical errors has remained constant. Computerized prescription-ordering systems avoided over seven million mistakes. Electronic alerts prevented dangerous drug combinations from being prescribed. Both B and C, but not A.
Electronic alerts prevented dangerous drug combinations from being prescribed.
The practice of adapting the job to the worker is called: Electronic monitoring. Social Contracts Ergonomics. Living wages.
Ergonomics
Which type of employee is most likely to report ethical issues in the workplace? Rank and file. Middle managers. Executives. Temporary workers.
Executives
A national health care policy is an example of an economic policy.
False
The United Nations oversees all international agreements concerning regulations between nations.
False
Governments hold the power to:
Grant or refuse permission for many types of business activity.
Which of the following arguments supports the concept of high executive compensation? There is currently a surplus of qualified executive candidates. Inflated executive pay helps U.S. firms compete with foreign rivals. High salaries provide an incentive for innovation and risk-taking. High executive pay drives away talented middle managers who feel unfairly compensated.
High salaries provide an incentive for innovation and risk-taking.
Business managers need a set of ethical guidelines to help them: Understand the changing customs throughout the world. Identify and analyze the nature of the ethical problem. Justify the resolution which best helps them. None of the above.
Identify and analyze the nature of the ethical problem.
Which of the following is not true about the service phase of technology? It was the fourth phase in the development of technology. It emphasized providing services. It dominated from 1900 to 1960. It required manual and intellectual skills.
It dominated from 1900 to 1960.
Which of the following statements is not true about arable land?
It is a nonrenewable resource.
The main drawback to utilitarian reasoning is that: Cost-benefit calculations can only be provided by accountants. It is difficulty to accurately measure both costs and benefits. Managers using this reasoning process often fail to consider the means taken to reach the end. The majority may override the rights of those in the minority.
It is difficulty to accurately measure both costs and benefits.
Which of the following is an argument against affirmative action? It is inconsistent with the principles of fairness and equality. It costs American businesses too much money. There are no mechanisms in place to verify that it is actually taking place. It violates individuals' basic human rights.
It is inconsistent with the principles of fairness and equality
Which of these statements is true about ecologically sustainable organizations?
Making and transporting products using minimal energy. Using more natural resources than they replenish.
Which stage of corporate environmental responsibility focuses on the full life cycle of a product?
Product stewardship stage.
The theory of comparative advantage states that:
Productivity rises more quickly when countries produce goods and services for which they have a natural talent.
A firm that has global operations has:
Some or all of their manufacturing or service operations abroad.
Companies that cultivate a vision of sustainability must adopt sophisticated strategic planning techniques to:
Strategic Planning
Natural capital refers to the world's:
Supply of geology, soil, air, water and all living things.
Which of the following is not true about occupational segregation? The pay gap in American businesses persists, in part, because of it. It concentrates women in traditionally female-dominated jobs. The large pay gap for Hispanic workers partly reflects their concentration in several high-paying occupations. It means that women cannot get the jobs that could break the cycle of relatively low pay.
The large pay gap for Hispanic workers partly reflects their concentration in several high-paying occupations.
Representation on the World Bank's board of directors is based on:
The size of the member nation's economy.
People's ethical beliefs come from: The organization's code of ethics. Reading the company's profit and loss statements. Legislative action and judicial decisions. Their religious background, family, and education.
Their religious background, family, and education.
Cooperation between business and government often occurs when:
They encounter a common problem or enemy.
Plants and animals living as a natural unified system are called an ecosystem.
True
Which of the following is (are) true about child care assistance in the workplace? It helps retain talented employees. It aids in recruiting workers by making the company more attractive to parents. It helps reduce employee absenteeism and tardiness. All of the above.
all of the above
Which of these statements is (are) true regarding sexual harassment? The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is empowered to sue on behalf of victims. Sexual harassment is illegal in the United States. Most sexual harassment incidents target women. All of the above.
all of the above
Why does a diverse and inclusive workforce benefit a firm supporting a global market? A variety of language skills serves the global customer base well. Cultural insensitivity helps to retain customers. Understanding differences across markets restricts innovation. Both A and C, but not B.
choose
Globalization is accepted worldwide and creates little controversy.
false
Government and business together establish the regulatory rules under which business operates in society.
false
The three strategies of globalization can be summarized using what three words?:
sell, make, and buy
Which of these factors has accelerated the current ecological crisis? A. Population reduction. B. World income equality. C. Rapid industrialization. D. All of the above.
world income equality
All of the following values are present in most ethical decisions except: Be honest. Be fair and just. Be kind. Act responsibly.
Be kind
Proactive companies are: A. Much less likely to be blindsided by crises and negative surprises. B. Much more likely to be forced to defend itself in a lawsuit brought by a stakeholder. C. Much more likely to be blindsided by crises and negative surprises. D. Just as likely to be blindsided by crises and negative surprises.
A
With the explosive growth of technologies that facilitate the sharing of information, this kind of stakeholder power has become increasingly important: A. Informational power. B. Legal power. C. Political power. D. Economic power.
A
Which of the following examples does not show a company guided by enlightened self-interest? A company providing assistance to employees who attend evening college. A company providing the best quality product at a fair price. A company breaking past records by maximizing quarterly profits. A company vice-president invited to attend a local community's town planning meeting.
A company breaking past records by maximizing quarterly profits.
Which of the following companies is being the most socially responsible? A company trying to maximize its profits and then contributing to an environmental protection fund. A company changing its product design to comply with regulatory mandates. A company trying its best to operate in a way which will help local students get education and jobs. A company halting its production of toxic gases after it discovered that people objected to this practice and threatened legal action.
A company trying its best to operate in a way which will help local students get education and jobs.
Which of the following is not an instance of "insider trading"? A marketing executive briefing stock analysts on the company's sales performance. A stock broker passing an "inside tip" to a client, but not trading for his or her own account. The CEO's cousin buying stock after the CEO mentioned a pending offer to buy the company. An auditor using nonpublic information about the company to invest in its stock.
A marketing executive briefing stock analysts on the company's sales performance.
Deregulation is often:
A politically popular idea
The core components upon which a company's ethical performance depends include: The personal character of the managers and employees. The values and virtues of the managers. The traditions, attitudes, and business practices built into a company's culture. All of the above.
ALl
Cybersecurity experts recommend including which essential elements for an incident-response plan for cyberattacks? Focus on how to respond to a breach. Involvement by all functional departments. Support from executive leadership. All of the above.
All of the above
Intellectual property refers to: Protecting one's ideas, concepts, and symbolic creations. Prohibiting the downloading of commercial software or videogames. Special laws protecting copyrights, patents, and trademarks. All of the above.
All of the above
Social investors seek to eliminate from their investment portfolios companies that: Make dangerous products like tobacco or weapons. Pollute the environment. Discriminate against employees. All of the above.
All of the above
The use of robotics in the workplace has increased recently because: Robots are more reliable than people. The cost of robots has decreased. New collaborative machines have been invented. All of the above.
All of the above
Most U.S. state laws permit the monitoring of employees through: Eavesdropping on phone calls. Tracking software. Recording computer keystrokes. All of the above.
All of the above.
Which of the following is not an example of stakeholders' economic power? A. An equal rights group refuses to do business with a company that has a discriminatory hiring policy. B. A social group protests a government's decision to raise taxes. C. A supplier halts shipments to a business customer that demanded very low prices. D. A local community boycotts a grocery store suspected of inaccurate weight scales.
B
Which of the following statements is not true about the interactive social system? A. Business is a part of society, and society penetrates far and often into the business. B. The boundary between business and society is clear and distinct. C. Business and society need, as well as influence, each other. D. Business and society are both separate and connected.
B
An emerging business model that attempts to strategically balance the interests of all stakeholders to solve social and environmental problems is called: B Lab. CSR Corporation. B Corporation. Balanced Corporation.
B Corporation.
Stakeholder engagement is: A. Competitive intelligence being collected ethically and systematically. B. The process of ongoing relationship building between a business and its stakeholders. C. The acquisition of information gained from analyzing the multiple environments. D. Any issue that is of mutual concern to an organization and one or more of its stakeholders.
B. The process of ongoing relationship building between a business and its stakeholders.
A just or fair ethical decision occurs when: The greatest good for those with power is achieved. The rights of all affected are considered. Benefits and burdens are distributed equally. All of the above.
Benefits and burdens are distributed equally.
Mature adults typically base their ethical reasoning on broad principles and relationships such as: Human rights and constitutional guarantees of human dignity. Universal principles of justice. Customs and traditions show by their peers. Both A and B, but not C.
Both A and B but not c
Which of these steps has the U.S. recently taken to counter cybercrime? Setup a system of voluntary cybersecurity standards. Opened a new center dedicated to managing cyber activities. Passed sweeping new legislation that required Internet providers to guarantee security. Both A and B, but not C.
Both A and B, but not C
MIT researchers determined that 90 percent of shoppers' credit-card transactions could be used to: Uniquely identify an individual's shopping habits and preferences. Collect individual social security numbers. Identify an individual shopper using only four bits of secondary information. Both A and C, but not B.
Both A and C, but not B
Investors may receive an economic benefit from the ownership of stock by receiving: Interest. Dividends. Capital gains. Both B and C, but not A.
Both B and C, but not A
Customers can exercise economic stakeholder power by: A. Applying for a job with the company. B. Attending the company's annual meeting. C. Boycotting products if they believe the goods are too expensive. D. Voting on a proposed merger for the company and a competitor.
Boycotting products if they believe the goods are too expensive.
Which of the following represents a structural remedy for an antitrust violation?
Breaking up a monopoly
Because of the risks and opportunities public issues present, organizations need: A. Tougher government regulations and oversight by political action committees. B. A strong relationship with a lobbying firm or an in-house lobbying department. C. A systematic way of identifying, monitoring, and selecting public issues. D. Executives to be rewarded with substantial bonuses as part of total compensation.
C
Which of these actions can businesses take to reduce income inequality? A. Implement new tax policy that benefits employee. B. Adjust minimum wage laws to increase worker pay. C. Commit to paying a living wage to all employees. D. Provide very high executive compensation.
C
Which statement is not correct about the business-society interdependence? A. Business is separated from the rest of society by clear boundaries. B. Business activities impact other activities in society. C. Actions by governments rarely affect business. D. Business is a part of society.
C
Integrity-based ethics programs: Combines concern for the law with an emphasis on employee responsibility. Threatens employees with punishment for noncompliance with the ethics program. Seeks to avoid legal sanctions. Are predominately implemented within the European Union.
Combines concern for the law with an emphasis on employee responsibility.
When attempting to build ethical safeguards into the company, businesses can take the following specific approaches: Compliance and Integrity. Institutional and Legal. Legal and Practical. Value-based and Consequentialism.
Compliance and Integrity.
Stakeholder groups can include: A. Environmental activists. B. Shareholders. C. Business support groups. D. All of the above.
D
An analysis of the stability or instability of a government is an example of scanning the: A. Social environment. B. Legal environment. C. Geophysical environment. D. Political environment.
D
Corporations that run their operations according to the stakeholder theory of the firm create value by: A. Increasing their stock price. B. Developing their employees' professional skills. C. Innovating new products. D. All of the above.
D
Employees in the United States have a legal right to: A. Organize and bargain collectively. B. A safe and healthy workplace. C. A job. D. Both A and B, but not C
D
If someone is entitled to be treated in a certain way, this refers to a(n): A. Obligation B. Duty C. Relationship. D. Right
D
The Occupational Safety and Health Act gives workers the right to a job: A. With equal wages for similar kinds of work. B. With wages that enable an employee to enjoy a decent standard of living C. That does not require them to lift, bend, or move items at any time on the job. D. That is free from recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious injury.
D
The five types of stakeholders' power recognized by most experts are: A. Social, legal, environmental, economic, and political power. B. Social, regulatory, voting, governance, and information power. C. Economic, informational, legal, shareholder, and political power. D. Voting, economic, political, legal, and informational power.
D
Cross-cultural contradictions arise due to: Differences between home and host countries' ethical standards. The emergence of a developing country's economic power. Religious differences practiced by business executives. All of the above.
Differences between home and host countries' ethical standards.
Which of the following is an argument in favor of corporate social responsibility? Imposes unequal costs among competitors. Discourages government regulation. Lowers economic efficiency and profit. Places responsibility on business rather than individuals.
Discourages government regulation.
If a manger approaches ethics with benevolence in mind, he or she would stress what? Company rules and procedures. Economic efficiency. Friendly relations with an employee. Laws and professional codes.
Friendly relations with an employee.
When a company puts its commitment to social and environmental responsibility into practice worldwide, not only locally or regionally it is called: Community Investing. Global Sustainability. Global Corporate Citizenship. Corporate Social Responsibility.
Global corporate citizen
Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, corporations are required to: Have their audit committee comprised of only executives employed by the firm. Have executives vouch for the accuracy of a firm's financial reports. Collect reimbursements from the U.S. government if financial restatements occur. All of the above.
Have executives vouch for the accuracy of a firm's financial reports.
Business managers need a set of ethical guidelines to help them: Justify the resolution which best helps themselves. Identify and analyze the nature of ethical problem. Understand the changing customs throughout the world. None of the above.
Identify and analyze the nature of ethical problem.
Which of the following examples best illustrate an ethics issue based on cross-cultural contradictions? False and misleading advertising claims. Circumventing government regulations to ensure company profits. Hiring child workers in violation of civil law. Legally marketing a pesticide abroad that has been banned in the U.S.
Legally marketing a pesticide abroad that has been banned in the U.S.
The "agency problem" arises when: Owners manage the company on their own behalf. Managers act in their own interest, rather than in the interest of shareholders. Shareholders act in their own interest, rather than in the interest of the board. There is no separation of ownership and control in a company.
Managers act in their own interest, rather than in the interest of shareholders.
When the market fails to adjust for the full costs of a firm's behavior, this is called
Market
M-Commerce is facilitated primarily by: Mobile or cell phones. Personal computers. Lap-tops. The government.
Mobile or cell phones.
Bill Joy, Sun Microsystems's chief scientist, warned that the rapid advances of technology: Are the safest and most human friendly known to civilization. Must be controlled by the companies that invest in them to protect society. Solve every insurmountable problem in no time flat. Move too fast, and can take on a life of its own.
Move too fast, and can take on a life of its own.
Most ethics or compliance officers are generally entrusted to: Arrange for ethics training for employees at a nearby university. Annually distribute copies of the company's code of ethics to all interested stakeholders. Act as a liaison between the company and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Reduce the risks to the company of employee misconduct.
Reduce the risks to the company of employee misconduct.
The practice of using fake business emails in order to trick users into divulging personal data, such as usernames and passwords, is called: Pharming. Censorship. Phishing. Tweeting.
Phishing
Scholars found that spirituality: Negatively affects employee and organizational performance. Only affects the employee performance of not for profit organizations. Positively affects employee and organizational performance. Has no affect on employee and organizational performance.
Positively affects employee and organizational performance.
Which of these cost-savings measures saved U.S. regulatory agencies nearly $2 billion since 2011?
Promotion of telemedicine in rural areas, coordination of hazards warning with other nations, removal or redundant reporting requirements
The mission of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is to: Ensure that institutional investors do not take control of company management. Protect shareholders' rights by making sure that stock markets are run fairly. Ensure that the federal treasury receives its share of the revenues from stock trading. Protect companies from hostile takeovers.
Protect shareholders' rights by making sure that stock markets are run fairly.
Which of the following is not a driver of the Corporate Social Responsiveness phase of Corporate Social Responsibility? Stakeholder pressures. Public policy/government regulations. Social unrest/protest. Religious/ethnic beliefs.
Religious/ethnic beliefs.
Which company ethics safeguard is commonly implemented as an employee "helpline"? Top management commitment. Code of ethics. Compliance tracking. Reporting mechanisms.
Reporting mechanisms.
Which of the following is an argument against corporate social responsibility? Requires skills businesses may lack. Creates an imbalance between corporate power and its economic responsibility. Improves business value and reputation. A majority of stockholders are against it.
Requires skills businesses may lack.
How are directors (members of corporate boards) selected? Shareholders elect the directors from a list of candidates. Shareholders with the greatest proportional ownership in the company become directors. The company's CEO appoints the directors. The nominating committee elects the directors.
Shareholders elect the directors from a list of candidates.
Corporate power refers to: The capability of politicians to influence corporations, employees, and unions, based on their organizational resources. The capability of CEOs to influence product development, employee morale, and currency indices, based on their organizational resources. The capability of corporations to influence government, the economy, and society, based on their organizational resources. The capability of competitors to influence legislation, trade, and the stock market, based on their organizational resources.
The capability of corporations to influence government, the economy, and society, based on their organizational resources.
Which of the following statements is not true about shareholders? They are the legal owners of business corporations. They own equal shares of company assets. They are investors in the company. Managers pay close attention to their needs and interests.
They own equal shares of company assets.
Which of these statements accurately describe hacktivists known as grey hatters? They are highly welcomed by businesses. They always work in tight-knit groups. They seek media attention and profits. They seek retaliation on businesses.
They seek media attention and profits.
Which of the following is not a legal right of shareholders? To vote on members for the board of directors. To vote on who will become chief executive officer (CEO). To vote on changes in the corporate charter and proposals. To vote on major mergers and acquisitions.
To vote on who will become chief executive officer (CEO).
