BUS 101- 4,A,7,10,11
public domain software (or freeware)
Software that is free for the taking
expectancy theory
Victor Vrooms's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific tast depends on their expectations of the outcome
Top management
highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans.
core time
in a flexible plan, the period when all employees are expected to be at their job stations
Hygiene factors
in herzbergs theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased
technical skills
skills that involve the ability to perform tasks in specific discipline or department
goals
the broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain
flextime plan
work schedual that gives employees some freedom the choose when to work, as long as they work the required number hours
compressed workweek
work schedule that allows an employee to work a full number of hours per week but in fewer days
virus
A piece of programming code inserted into other programming to cause some unexpected and, for the victim, usually undesirable event.
SWOT analysis
A planning tool used to analyze an organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
virtual private network (VPN)
A private data network that creates secure connections, or "tunnels," over regular Internet lines
virtualization
A process that allows networked computers to run multiple operating systems and programs through one central computer at the same time.
extranet
A semiprivate network that uses Internet technology and allows more than one company to access the same information or allows people on different servers to collaborate
business intelligence (BI)
Any of a variety of software applications that analyze an organization's raw data and take out useful insights from it.
reverse discrimination
Discrimination against members of a dominant od majority group (e.g. white males) usually as a result of policies designed to correct discrimination against minorities of disadvantaged groups.
affirmative action
Employment activities designed to "right past wrongs" by increasing opportunities for minorities and women.
Corporate social initiatives
Enhanced forms of corporate philanthropy directly related to the companies competencies
Integrity-based ethics codes
Ethical standards that define the organizations guiding values, create an environment that supports ethically sound behavior, and stress a shared accountability among employees
Compliance-based ethics codes
Ethical standards that emphasize preventing unlawful behavior by increasing control and by penalizing wrongdoers
Web 2.0
The set of tools that allow people to build social and business connections, share information, and collaborate on projects online (including blogs, wikis, social networking sites and other online communities, and virtual worlds).
job rotation
a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees- from one job to another.
Planning
a management function that includes anticipating trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives
organization chart
a visual device that shows relationships among people and divides the organizations work; it shows who reports to whom
Job specifications
a written summary of the minmum qualifications required of workers to do a particular job
training and development
all attempts to improve productivity by increasing an employees ability to perform. training focuses on short-term skills, development on long term abilities
Leading
creating a vision of the organization and guiding, training, coaching and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the organizations goals and objectives.
external customers
dealers, who buy products to sell to others, and ultimate customers (or end users,) who buy products for their own personal use.
enabling
giving workers the education and tools they need to make decisions.
off-the-job training
internal or external training programs away from the workplace that develop any variety of skills or foster personal development.
participative (democratic) leadership
leadership style that consists of manager and employees working together to make decisions.
extrinsic reward
something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases,praise, and promotions.
objectives
specific, short-term statements detailing how to achieve the organizations goals.
Ethics
standards of moral behavior, that is, behavior accepted by society as right versus wrong
time-motion studies
studies, begun by Fredrick Taylor, or which tasks must be preformed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task
scientific management
studying workers to find the most efficient ways of going things and then teaching people those techniques
orientation
the activity that introduces new employees to the organization; to the fellow employees; to their immediate supervisors; and the policies practices and objectives of the firm.
Corporate responsibility
the dimension of social responsibility that includes everything from hiring minority workers to making safe products
corporate policy
the dimension of social responsibility that refers to the position a firm takes on social and political issues
transparency
the presentation of a company's facts and figures in a way that is clear and apparent to all stakeholders.
selection
the process od gathering information and deciding who should be hired, under legal guidelines, to serve the best interests of the individual and the organization.
strategic planning
the process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals
tactical planning
the process of developing detailed, short-term statements about what id to be done, who is to do it and how it is to be done.
networking
the process of establishing and maintaining contacts with key managers in and outside the organization and using those contacts to weave strong relationships that serve as informal development systems.
contingency planning
the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans dont achieve the organizations objectives.
operational planning
the process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the company's tactical objectives.
problem solving
the process of solving the everyday problems that occur. problem solving is less formal than decision making and usually calls for quicker.
management development
the process of training and educating employees to become good managers, and then monitoring the progress of their managerial skills over time
job enlargement
a job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment.
controlling
a management function that involves establishing clear standards to determine whether or not an organization is processing towards its goals and objectives, rewarding people for doing a good job, and taking corrective action if they are not
job sharing
an arrangement whereby two part-time employees share one full time job
autocratic leadership
leadership style that involves making managerial decisions without consulting others.
shareware
Software that is copyrighted but distributed to potential customers free of charge
decision making
choosing among two or more alternatives
brainstorming
coming up with as many solutions to a problem as possible in a short period of time with censoring of ideas
cloud computing
A form of virtualization in which a company's data and applications are stored at offsite data centers that are accessed over the Internet (the cloud).
Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
A business's concern for the welfare of the society
intranet
A companywide network, closed to public access, that uses Internet-type technology
network computing system (or client/server computing)
Computer systems that allow personal computers (clients) to obtain needed information from huge databases in a central computer (the server).
motivators
In herzbergs theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction
data processing (DP)
Name for business technology in the 1970s; included technology that supported an existing business and was primarily used to improve the flow of financial information.
cookies
Pieces of information, such as registration data or user preferences, sent by a Web site over the Internet to a Web browser that the browser software is expected to save and send back to the server whenever the user returns to that Web site.
information technology (IT)
Technology that helps companies change business by allowing them to use new methods.
information systems (IS)
Technology that helps companies do business; includes such tools as automated teller machines (ATMs) and voice mail.
broadband technology
Technology that offers users a continuous connection to the Internet and allows them to send and receive mammoth files that include voice, video, and data much faster than ever before.
corporate philanthropy
The dimension of social responsibility that includes charitable donations
Internet2
The private Internet system that links government supercomputer centers and a select group of universities; it runs more than 22,000 times faster than today's public infrastructure and supports heavy-duty applications.
Human resource management (HRM)
The process of determining human resource needs and then recruiting, selecting, developing, motivating, evaluating, compensating, and scheduling employees to achieve organizational goals
. organizing
a management function that includes designing the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in which everyone and everything works together to achieve the organizations goals and objectives.
staffing
a management function that includes hiring, motivating, and retaining the best people available to accomplish the company's objectives
job enrichment
a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker though the job itself
job analysis
a study of what employees do who hold varios job titles
job description
a summary of the objectives of a job, the type of work to be done, the responsibilities and duties, the working conditions, and the relationship if the job to other functions
management by objectives (MBO)
a system of goals setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors and employees.
social auditing
a systematic evaluation of an organizations progress toward implementing socially responsible and responsive programs.
vision
an encompassing explanation of why the organization exists and where its trying to head
performance appraisal
an evaluation that measures employee performance against established standards in order to make decisions about promotions, compensation, training or termination
mentor
an experienced employee who supervises, coaches and guides lower-level employees by introducing them to the right people and generally being their organizational sponsor
mission statement
an outline of the fundamental purpose of an organization
insider trading
an unethical activity in which insiders use private company information to further their own fortunes or those of their family and friends
fringe benefits
benefits such a sick-leave pay, vacation pay, pension plans, and health plans the represent additional compensation beyond base wages
contingent workers
employees that in include part time workers, temporary workers, seasonal workers, independent contractors, inters and co-op students
knowledge management
finding the right information, keeping the information in a readily accessible place, and making the information known to everyone in the firm
cafeteria-style fringe benefits
fringe benefits plan that allows employees to choose the benefits they want up to a certain dollar amount
internal customers
individuals and units within the firm that receive services from other individuals or units
whistleblowers
insiders who report illegal or unethical behavior
PMI
listing all the pluses for a solution in one column, all the minuses in another, and the implications in the third column
supervisory management
managers who are directly responsible for supervision workers and evaluating their daily performance.
human relations skills
skills that involve communication and motivation; They enable managers to work through and with people.
equity theory
the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions.
goal setting theory
the idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions
middle management
the level of management that includes general managers, division managers, and branch and plant managers who are responsible for tactical planning and controlling.
intrinsic reward
the personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals.
management
the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading and controlling people and other organizational resources
recruitment
the set of activities used to obtain a sufficient number of the right employees at the right time
Hawthorn Effect
the tendency for people to behave differently s when they know they are being studied
job simulation
the use of equipment that duplicates job conditions and tasks so trainees can learn skills before attempting them on the job
principle of motion economy
theory developed byFrank and lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
theory of motivation based on the unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self actualization need
reinforcement theory
theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways
on-the-job training
training at the workplace that lets the employee learn by doing or by watching others for a while and then imitating them
vestibule training
training done in schools where employees are taught on equipment simliar to that used on the job
apprentice programs
training program during which a learner works along side an experienced employees to maser the skills and procedures of craft
online training
training programs in which employees complete classes via the internet