BUS 101- 4,A,7,10,11

public domain software (or freeware)

Software that is free for the taking

expectancy theory

Victor Vrooms's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific tast depends on their expectations of the outcome

Top management

highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans.

core time

in a flexible plan, the period when all employees are expected to be at their job stations

Hygiene factors

in herzbergs theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased

technical skills

skills that involve the ability to perform tasks in specific discipline or department

goals

the broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain

flextime plan

work schedual that gives employees some freedom the choose when to work, as long as they work the required number hours

compressed workweek

work schedule that allows an employee to work a full number of hours per week but in fewer days

virus

A piece of programming code inserted into other programming to cause some unexpected and, for the victim, usually undesirable event.

SWOT analysis

A planning tool used to analyze an organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

virtual private network (VPN)

A private data network that creates secure connections, or "tunnels," over regular Internet lines

virtualization

A process that allows networked computers to run multiple operating systems and programs through one central computer at the same time.

extranet

A semiprivate network that uses Internet technology and allows more than one company to access the same information or allows people on different servers to collaborate

business intelligence (BI)

Any of a variety of software applications that analyze an organization's raw data and take out useful insights from it.

reverse discrimination

Discrimination against members of a dominant od majority group (e.g. white males) usually as a result of policies designed to correct discrimination against minorities of disadvantaged groups.

affirmative action

Employment activities designed to "right past wrongs" by increasing opportunities for minorities and women.

Corporate social initiatives

Enhanced forms of corporate philanthropy directly related to the companies competencies

Integrity-based ethics codes

Ethical standards that define the organizations guiding values, create an environment that supports ethically sound behavior, and stress a shared accountability among employees

Compliance-based ethics codes

Ethical standards that emphasize preventing unlawful behavior by increasing control and by penalizing wrongdoers

Web 2.0

The set of tools that allow people to build social and business connections, share information, and collaborate on projects online (including blogs, wikis, social networking sites and other online communities, and virtual worlds).

job rotation

a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees- from one job to another.

Planning

a management function that includes anticipating trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives

organization chart

a visual device that shows relationships among people and divides the organizations work; it shows who reports to whom

Job specifications

a written summary of the minmum qualifications required of workers to do a particular job

training and development

all attempts to improve productivity by increasing an employees ability to perform. training focuses on short-term skills, development on long term abilities

Leading

creating a vision of the organization and guiding, training, coaching and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the organizations goals and objectives.

external customers

dealers, who buy products to sell to others, and ultimate customers (or end users,) who buy products for their own personal use.

enabling

giving workers the education and tools they need to make decisions.

off-the-job training

internal or external training programs away from the workplace that develop any variety of skills or foster personal development.

participative (democratic) leadership

leadership style that consists of manager and employees working together to make decisions.

extrinsic reward

something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases,praise, and promotions.

objectives

specific, short-term statements detailing how to achieve the organizations goals.

Ethics

standards of moral behavior, that is, behavior accepted by society as right versus wrong

time-motion studies

studies, begun by Fredrick Taylor, or which tasks must be preformed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task

scientific management

studying workers to find the most efficient ways of going things and then teaching people those techniques

orientation

the activity that introduces new employees to the organization; to the fellow employees; to their immediate supervisors; and the policies practices and objectives of the firm.

Corporate responsibility

the dimension of social responsibility that includes everything from hiring minority workers to making safe products

corporate policy

the dimension of social responsibility that refers to the position a firm takes on social and political issues

transparency

the presentation of a company's facts and figures in a way that is clear and apparent to all stakeholders.

selection

the process od gathering information and deciding who should be hired, under legal guidelines, to serve the best interests of the individual and the organization.

strategic planning

the process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals

tactical planning

the process of developing detailed, short-term statements about what id to be done, who is to do it and how it is to be done.

networking

the process of establishing and maintaining contacts with key managers in and outside the organization and using those contacts to weave strong relationships that serve as informal development systems.

contingency planning

the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans dont achieve the organizations objectives.

operational planning

the process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the company's tactical objectives.

problem solving

the process of solving the everyday problems that occur. problem solving is less formal than decision making and usually calls for quicker.

management development

the process of training and educating employees to become good managers, and then monitoring the progress of their managerial skills over time

job enlargement

a job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment.

controlling

a management function that involves establishing clear standards to determine whether or not an organization is processing towards its goals and objectives, rewarding people for doing a good job, and taking corrective action if they are not

job sharing

an arrangement whereby two part-time employees share one full time job

autocratic leadership

leadership style that involves making managerial decisions without consulting others.

shareware

Software that is copyrighted but distributed to potential customers free of charge

decision making

choosing among two or more alternatives

brainstorming

coming up with as many solutions to a problem as possible in a short period of time with censoring of ideas

cloud computing

A form of virtualization in which a company's data and applications are stored at offsite data centers that are accessed over the Internet (the cloud).

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

A business's concern for the welfare of the society

intranet

A companywide network, closed to public access, that uses Internet-type technology

network computing system (or client/server computing)

Computer systems that allow personal computers (clients) to obtain needed information from huge databases in a central computer (the server).

motivators

In herzbergs theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction

data processing (DP)

Name for business technology in the 1970s; included technology that supported an existing business and was primarily used to improve the flow of financial information.

cookies

Pieces of information, such as registration data or user preferences, sent by a Web site over the Internet to a Web browser that the browser software is expected to save and send back to the server whenever the user returns to that Web site.

information technology (IT)

Technology that helps companies change business by allowing them to use new methods.

information systems (IS)

Technology that helps companies do business; includes such tools as automated teller machines (ATMs) and voice mail.

broadband technology

Technology that offers users a continuous connection to the Internet and allows them to send and receive mammoth files that include voice, video, and data much faster than ever before.

corporate philanthropy

The dimension of social responsibility that includes charitable donations

Internet2

The private Internet system that links government supercomputer centers and a select group of universities; it runs more than 22,000 times faster than today's public infrastructure and supports heavy-duty applications.

Human resource management (HRM)

The process of determining human resource needs and then recruiting, selecting, developing, motivating, evaluating, compensating, and scheduling employees to achieve organizational goals

. organizing

a management function that includes designing the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in which everyone and everything works together to achieve the organizations goals and objectives.

staffing

a management function that includes hiring, motivating, and retaining the best people available to accomplish the company's objectives

job enrichment

a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker though the job itself

job analysis

a study of what employees do who hold varios job titles

job description

a summary of the objectives of a job, the type of work to be done, the responsibilities and duties, the working conditions, and the relationship if the job to other functions

management by objectives (MBO)

a system of goals setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors and employees.

social auditing

a systematic evaluation of an organizations progress toward implementing socially responsible and responsive programs.

vision

an encompassing explanation of why the organization exists and where its trying to head

performance appraisal

an evaluation that measures employee performance against established standards in order to make decisions about promotions, compensation, training or termination

mentor

an experienced employee who supervises, coaches and guides lower-level employees by introducing them to the right people and generally being their organizational sponsor

mission statement

an outline of the fundamental purpose of an organization

insider trading

an unethical activity in which insiders use private company information to further their own fortunes or those of their family and friends

fringe benefits

benefits such a sick-leave pay, vacation pay, pension plans, and health plans the represent additional compensation beyond base wages

contingent workers

employees that in include part time workers, temporary workers, seasonal workers, independent contractors, inters and co-op students

knowledge management

finding the right information, keeping the information in a readily accessible place, and making the information known to everyone in the firm

cafeteria-style fringe benefits

fringe benefits plan that allows employees to choose the benefits they want up to a certain dollar amount

internal customers

individuals and units within the firm that receive services from other individuals or units

whistleblowers

insiders who report illegal or unethical behavior

PMI

listing all the pluses for a solution in one column, all the minuses in another, and the implications in the third column

supervisory management

managers who are directly responsible for supervision workers and evaluating their daily performance.

human relations skills

skills that involve communication and motivation; They enable managers to work through and with people.

equity theory

the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions.

goal setting theory

the idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions

middle management

the level of management that includes general managers, division managers, and branch and plant managers who are responsible for tactical planning and controlling.

intrinsic reward

the personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals.

management

the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading and controlling people and other organizational resources

recruitment

the set of activities used to obtain a sufficient number of the right employees at the right time

Hawthorn Effect

the tendency for people to behave differently s when they know they are being studied

job simulation

the use of equipment that duplicates job conditions and tasks so trainees can learn skills before attempting them on the job

principle of motion economy

theory developed byFrank and lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

theory of motivation based on the unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self actualization need

reinforcement theory

theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways

on-the-job training

training at the workplace that lets the employee learn by doing or by watching others for a while and then imitating them

vestibule training

training done in schools where employees are taught on equipment simliar to that used on the job

apprentice programs

training program during which a learner works along side an experienced employees to maser the skills and procedures of craft

online training

training programs in which employees complete classes via the internet