Bus 498 Midterm #1

UX design covers a very wide range of activities including

Product Design - Hardware and software System Design - Software only Service Design - Software designed to run on multiple platforms/devices

What are the three types of storyboarding?

Traditional Storyboarding (includes notes below each sketch) Scored Storyboarding (a sketch is annotated with colors, images, and sounds) Text-only storyboarding

a device ecology

UX is increasingly concerned with interactions that involve a number of different devices Example: looking at a picture on an iPhone then sending it using the Airdrop function.

Examples of UX systems

Web services that will run on a computer at work. - Apps, games, interactive products such as home control systems, digital cameras and applications for tablet devices such as the iPad. - Whole environments, such as new retail spaces, in which phones, tablets, laptop computers, digital projectors and other devices and services communicate with one another and through which people interact with one another. - Interactive systems, products and services for home, for work or to support communities.

Can the design process start at anytime?

Yes! The process can start at any point - sometimes there is a conceptual design in place, sometimes we start with a prototype and sometimes we start with requirements.

What are rich pictures?

identify the issues or concerns of the stakeholders, thus helping to focus attention on problems or potential design solutions.

What does conceptual design focus on?

information and functions

Conceptual Design

logic, functions, structure, and content (Analysis phase)

Co-Discovery

naturalistic, informal technique that is particularly good for capturing first impressions. It is best used in the later stages of design. watching individual people interacting with the technology, and possibly 'thinking aloud' as they do so, can be varied by having participants explore new technology in pairs.

Understanding requires......

researching people, activities and contexts relevant to the domain Overall, the UX designer must understand the opportunities and constraints provided by technologies.

Cognitive Walkthrough

rigorous paper-based technique for checking through the detailed design and logic of steps in an interaction.

Personas should help.....

shape the whole UX

Interaction patterns

similar behaviors throughout a system ex: double click, right click

Design is rarely

straight forward iteration is key

What is a metaphor?

taking concepts from one domain (called the source domain) and applying them to another (the target domain). Metaphors help us describe something new (the system) with something familiar (real world) also called a blend

Interactive system

the components, devices, products, services and software systems that are primarily concerned with interactively processing information content

When it comes to fitt's law, the smaller the target and the greater the distance...

the longer it will take to hit the target.

Technologies (PACT)

the medium that interactive system designers work with.

Organizational context (PACT)

the organizational context is important as changes in technology often alter communication and power structures and may have effects on jobs such as deskilling. example: The circumstances under which activities happen (time, place and so on) also vary widely and need to be taken into consideration.

Stories

the real-world experiences, ideas, anecdotes and knowledge of people. examples include: • videos of people engaged in an activity • diary entries • photographs • documents • the results of observations and interviews

Designers should ensure that frequent tasks are easy to do, but......

they also need to ensure that infrequent tasks are easy to learn (or remember) how to do.

What are Interactive systems and services?

things that deal with the transmission, display, storage or transformation of content that people can perceive.

Developing interaction patterns helps ensure that...

users can predict what will happen when an interaction is made. Think gestures - it is easy to predict what will happen on a smartphone when the 'pinch' gesture is enacted

When does evaluation occur?

we evaluate at the beginning, middle, and end of design!

What three goals do persona's focus on?

• Identifying what the personas want to be able to do using your system • Identifying how they want to achieve their aims • Identifying the activities they consider to be meaningful

What techniques or tools can be used in conceptual design?

• Use cases • Entity relationship diagrams • Data flow diagrams • Site maps

What is Physical Design?

• concrete • concerned with how things are going to work • detailing the look and feel of the system

What is understanding concerned with in the design process ?

• what the system has to do • what it has to be like • how it has to fit in with other things

What are some Social considerations when it comes to PACT?

■ People make use of systems, products and services for very different reasons. ■ They have different goals in using systems. ■ They have different motivations for using systems. ■ Some people will be very interested in a particular system, others will just want to get a simple task completed. These motivations change at different times.

four components influence system design

- Input Devices - Output Devices - Communication Devices (incl. networks) - Content

What are the three different types of context?

- The physical context - The social context - The organizational context

Design can refer to

-A process -The result of a process

What are some psychological consideration when it comes to PACT?

-Designers should design for people with poor ability by providing good signage and clear directions. -Language differences are crucial to understanding. -Cultural differences affect how people interpret thing

Concrete Scenario

-Each conceptual scenario may generate lots of concrete scenarios. -Concrete scenarios begin to dictate a particular interface design and a particular allocation of functions between people and devices.

What is operational design?

-Specifies how everything works and how content will be structured and stored -Focuses on processes and on the movement, or flow, of things through the system -Identification of Events (aka triggers)

Conceptual scenarios

-are more abstract than stories. -Much of the context is stripped away during the process of abstraction and similar stories are combined together.

What are some physical considerations for individuals when it comes to PACT

-height and weight -color blindess -wheelchair users -no fingers, lack of fingers

Activity Considerations (PACT)

-how often is this task done? -Time pressures -Peaks and troughs of activity -Frequency of interruption -Single vs. multi-tasking -Importance of avoiding mistakes -Cooperative vs. single-user activities -Task complexity - Data and media requirements

3 components of physical design?

-operational design • representational design • Interaction design

What is a blend?

A metaphor A blend takes input from at least two spaces, the characteristics of the source domain and the characteristics of the target domain. ex: The metaphor of a folder is a blend from the domain of real folders that you keep papers in and the domain of computer files which have a physical location on a disk.

Design language consists:

A set of design elements such as the use of colour, styles and types of buttons, sliders and other widgets Some principles of composition (i.e. the rules for putting them together) Collections of qualifying situations - contexts and how they affect the rules. A consistent design language means that people need only to learn a limited number of design elements and then they can cope with a large variety of different situations.

Envisionment

A step in the design process where UX designers clarify their own ideas and enable people to evaluate them *the documentation of ideas!*

How do you know?

Concerns the way that people learn and plan -For example, Verplank suggests that one choice is between maps and paths. Paths are good for beginners as they provide step-by-step instructions on what to do. -Maps are good for understanding alternatives. They take longer to learn but are more robust and are good for expert skill. -Maps offer the chance to take shortcuts.

Different types of prototypes

Full prototype: provides full functionality but at a lower performance that the target system horizontal prototype: aims to go across the whole system but deals only with top level functions and so much of the detail is omitted vertical prototype: implements the full range of features, from top to bottom, but is applied to only a small number of functions of the overall system

Social context (pact)

The social context within which the activity takes place is also important. Example: -A supportive environment will offer plenty of help for the activity. -There may be training manuals available, tuition or experts to hand if people get into trouble. -There may be privacy issues to consider, and an interaction can be very different if the person is alone than if they are with others. -For example, the use of sound output is often unacceptable in an open-plan office environment but might be quite effective where a person is working alone.

Activities (PACT)

The term is used for very simple tasks as well as highly complex, lengthy activities, so designers need to be careful when considering the characteristics of activities.

interface plasticity

These are interfaces that adapt to different contexts, for example adapting a display of a heating controller from a display on the TV to a display on a small mobile device.

Being human-centred is about:

Thinking about what people want to do rather than what the technology can do. - Designing new ways to connect people with people. - Involving people in the design process. - Designing for diversity.

When does developing persona's take place?

In the understanding phase

Usability evaluation

focus on the usability of systems.

What are three considerations to take into account when it comes to people in PACT?

- Physical differences - Psychological differences - Social differences

What is conceptual design?

- abstract - relates to the overall purpose of the system

is UX just concerned with one person using one device?

No! It is concerned with interaction that crosses devices and channels of interaction

User Journey Map

A diagram showing the steps in a scenario in which a user interacts with a system or service.

Prototypes

A concrete but partial representation or implementation of a system design. Note: It is interactive! Something will happen when someone presses a button.

Design Cases

A design case is a use case specific to the design of the system. -Use Cases + Design = Design Cases Compare:• Use case - "The user selects the 'Save' option.• Design case - "The user clicks on the 'Save' button.

Context (PACT)

Activities always happen in a context, so there is a need to analyze the two together.

How do you do?

Concerned with the actions that can be taken in the system ex: do you poke it, manipulate it or sit on it

REPRESENTATIONAL DESIGN

Concerned with the overall 'look and feel' of the system

Evaluation

Concerns the gathering and use of feedback on envisioned design

How do you feel?

Concerns the sensory qualities that shape media One distinction is Marshall McLuhan's 'hot' versus 'cool'. - 'hot media' are more authoritative and exact - 'cool media' are fuzzy and incomplete. - Cool media invite more participation; they require the audience to fill in the gaps to interpret. -Hot media extend a single sense in high definition; they are filled with data.

Cooperative evaluation

Both user and evaluator can ask ech other questions throughout

Envisionment allows for

Communication Evaluation Evolution

Interaction Design

Concerned with how the user interacts with the system • Inputs • Outputs • Navigation

Machine-centered design

Concerned with maximizing the capabilities of the system

Human-Centered Design

Concerned with maximizing the experience of the user Being human-centred is about putting people first; it is about designing interactive systems to support people and for people to enjoy.

Envisionment techniques/tools

Examples of envisionment techniques: • sketches 'on the back of an envelope' • fully functioning prototypes • cardboard mock-ups

What are the three main types of evaluation?

Expert-based methods (UX designer reviews) Participant-based methods (getting real feedback from users) Data analytics

Navigation map

Focus on how people move through the site or application

Physical environment (PACT)

For example, the sun shining on an ATM display may make it unreadable. - The environment may be very noisy, cold, wet or dirty. logging on to a website - may be carried out in geographically remote environments where internet access is slow, or with all the facilities of a large city and fast networks.

Persona empathy map

Helps map the key aspects of personas

Heuristic Evaluation

Heuristic evaluation refers to a number of methods in which a person trained in HCI, UX or interaction design examines a proposed design to see how it measures up against a list of principles, guidelines or 'heuristics' for good design.

BillVerplank )an interaction designer 3 main ideas in design

How do you do? -Concerns the acting part of UX How do you feel? -concerns the sensing and feeling aspects of UX How do you know? -concerns the thinking and meaning-making in UX

Is there a specific order for the design process (Understanding, design, Environment, Evaluation)?

No, The activities can happen in any order, for example requirements might be evaluated, a prototype might be built and evaluated and some aspect of a physical design might then be identified.

Low-fidelity (lo-fi) versus high-fidelity (hi-fi) prototypes

Lo-fi prototypes are more simple and focused on the underlying design ideas- such as content, form and structure, and the 'tone' of the design. produced quickly hi-fi prototypes are more complex and more like the final.

Narrative storyboard

Narrative storyboards include 5 scenes to describe a typical UX, including a beginning scene, 2 scenes showing the story developing, the climax of the story, and the ending scene -allows the designer to show more of the context of the UX

Wireframes

Outlines of the structure of a software system

What does PACT stand for?

People, Activities, Context and Technologies

What is a persona?

Personas are concrete representations of the different types of people that the system or service is being designed for.

The different spaces in design

Physical space digital space (what devices users will use) information space (physical objects such as tickets and receipts and embedded displays.) social space (concerns connectivity between people, how people can share experiences and how social media will be included in the UX.)

What is a scenario?

Scenarios are stories about people undertaking activities in contexts using technologies.

Envisionment Techniques

Sketching, storyboarding, mood boards, and descriptive adjectives

Physical Design

Specifies the knowledge, tasks and activities that people will be required to know or do.

Designers need the mixture of skills that allows them to be able to:

Understand people and contexts - user research - Know the possibilities offered by technologies. - Create technological solutions that fit the needs of the users. - Evaluate alternative designs and iterate until a solution is arrived at.

What are the four design processes called?

Understanding Design Envisionment Evaluation

Can sketches include words or annotations?

Yes, it is encouraged

What is Fitt's Law?

a mathematical formula which relates the time required to move to a target as a function of the distance to the target and the size of the target itself, say moving a pointer using a mouse to a particular button.

Physical design takes the......

abstract representation and translates it into concrete designs.

Persona development should be....

agile and subject to change

'Content' includes

all ways of presenting information including text, graphics, video, audio, 2D animation, 3D animation in all the various formats and high medium or low definition.

Wizard of Oz Prototype

also uses a human in the backend, but the frontend is an actual computer system instead of a paper mockup. ex: User would say volume up and a UX designer would be behind the scenes physically turning the volume up. to the user it would appear as if they were controlling the interaction when in reality it was a 'wizard'

Designers need to consider the.....

capabilities of people the constraints on what they can do People will forget things over time. They will forget things in working memory in a very short time. They are not good at following long lists of instructions, at carrying out boring tasks repeatedly and so on. On the other hand, people are good at improvising and at dealing with ambiguity and incomplete information. On the whole, the capabilities of technology are just the reverse.

Design activities concern both......

conceptual design and physical design.

ecological validity

concerned with making an evaluation as life-like as possible.

Skeuomorphic design

designing something to physically resemble something from the past. can help people transfer the functionality from a familiar object to a new one.

Personas should focus on both....

emotional and pragmatic needs and desires