Business Ethics cp1-4
What is Business Ethics?
Decision Making for Personal Integrity and social Responsibility
What is Ethical System?
A collaboration of academics and business leaders, take a thoughtful approach to the question of whether ethics is good for business.
What is Change Blindness?
A decision-making omission that occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual changes over time.
What is Risk Assessment?
A process to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives.
What is Culture?
A shared pattern of beliefs, expectations, and meaning that influences and guides the thinking and behaviors of the members of a particular group.
What is Categorical Imperative?
An imperative is a command or duty; "categorical" means that it is without exception. Thus, a __________ is an overriding principle of ethics. Philosopher Immanual Kant offered several formulations of the __________: act so as the maxim implicit in you acts could be willed to be a universal law; treat persons as ends and never as means only; treat other as subjects, not objects.
What is descriptive Ethics?
As practiced by many social scientists, provides a descriptive and empirical account of those standards that actually guide behavior, as opposed to those standards that should guide behavior.
What is Autonomy?
From the Greek for "self-ruled," autonomy is the capacity to make free and deliberate choices. The capacity for autonomous action is what explains the inherent dignity and intrinsic value of individual human beings.
What is Inattentional Blindness?
If we happen to focus on or are told specifically to pay attention to a particular element of a decision or event, we are likely to miss all of the surrounding details, no matter how obvious.
What is stakeholder?
In a general sense, anyone who can be affected by decisions made within a business. More specifically, _______ are considered to be those people who are necessary for the functioning of a business.
What is Personal and Professional Decision Making?
Individuals within a business setting are often in situations in which they must make decisions both from their own personal point of view and from the perspective of the specific role they fill within an institution. Ethically responsible decisions require an individual to recognize that these perspectives can conflict and that a life of moral integrity must balance the personal values with the professional role-based values and responsibilities.
What is Practical Reasoning?
Involves reasoning about what one ought to do, contrasted with theoretical reasoning, which is concerned with what one ought to believe.
What is Theoretical Reasoning?
Involves reasoning that is aimed at establishing truth and therefore at what we ought to believe. Contrast with practical reasoning, which aims at determining what is reasonable for us to do.
What is Perceptual Differences?
Phychologists and philosophers have long recognized that individuals cannot perceive the world independently of their own conceptual framework. Experiences are mediated by and interpreted through our own understanding and concepts. Thus, ethical disagreements can depend as much on a person's conceptual framework as on the facts of the situation. Unpacking our own and others' conceptual schemata plays an important role in making ethically responsible decisions.
What is stakeholder?
We are asked to identify and to consider all of the people affected by a decision, the people often called _______
What is Moral Imagination?
When one is facing an ethical decision, the ability to envision various alternative choices, consequences, resolutions, benefits, and harms.
What is Ethical Values?
are those values - those decision - guiding beliefs - that impartially promote human well-being.
What is Personal Integrity?
connotes completeness of a being or thing. Therefore, refers to individuals' completeness within themselves, often derived from the consistency or alignment of actions with deeply held beliefs.
What is Normative Ethics?
ethics deals with norms and standards of appropriate and proper behavior. Norms establish the guidelines or standards for determining what we should do, how we should act, what type of person we should be.
What is Ethical Values?
serve the ends of human well-being in impartial, rather than personal or selfish, ways.
What is Ethics?
the discipline that systematically studies questions of how we ought to live our lives.
What is Principle-Based Framework?
-A framework for ethics that grounds decision making in fundamental principles such as justice, liberty, autonomy, and fairness. -Principle-based ethics typically assert that individual rights and duties are fundamental and thus can also be referred to as a rights-based or duty-based (deontological) approach to ethics. -Often distinguished from consequentialist frameworks, which determine ethical decisions based on the consequences of our acts.
What is Ethical System?
-A good reputation is valuable. -Illegal conduct can be extremely costly. -Good governance pays off financially.
What is Virtue Ethics?
-An approach to ethics that studies the character traits or habits that constitute a good human life, a life worth living. -The virtues provide answers to the basic ethical question "What kind of person should I be?"
What is Utilitarianism?
-An ethical theory that tell us that we can determine the ethical significance of any action by looking to the consequences of that act. -It is typically identified with the policy of "Maximizing the overall good" or, in a slightly different version, of producing "the greatest good for the greatest number."
What is Ethical Relativism?
-An important perspective within the philosophical study of ethics that holds that ethical values and judgements are ultimately dependent on, or relative to, one's culture, society, or personal feelings. -It denies that we can make rational or objective ethical judgements -It concludes that there is no way to resolve that dispute and prove one side is right or more reasonable than the other.
What is Egoism?
-As a psychological theory, _______ holds that all people act only from self-interest. Empirical evidence strongly suggests that this is a mistaken account of human motivation. As an ethical theory, ______ holds that humans ought to act for their own self-interest. -Ethical ______ typically distinguish between one's perceived best interests.
An Ethical Decision-Making Process
-Determine the facts -Identify the ethical issues involved -Identify stakeholders and consider the situation from their point of view -Consider the available alternatives - also called using moral imagination -Compare and weigh the alternatives, based on: -->Consequences (for all stakeholders) -->Duties, rights, principles. -->Implications for personal integrity and character -Make a decision -Monitor and learn from the outcomes
What is Morality?
-Sometimes used to denote the phenomena studied by the field of ethics. -Refers to those aspects of ethics involving personal, individual decision making. "How should I live my life?" or "What type of person ought I be?" are taken to be the basic questions. -can be distinguished from question of social justice, which address issues of how communities ought to be structured.
What is Duties?
-Those obligations that one is bound to perform, regardless of consequences. -______ might be derived from basic ethical principles, from the law, or from one's institutional or professional role.
What is Ethical Values?
-Those properties of life that contribute to human well-being and a life well lived. -would include such things as happiness, respect, dignity, integrity, freedom, companionship, and health.
What is Norms?
-Those standards or guidelines that establish appropriate and proper behavior. -Norms can be established by such diverse perspectives as economics, etiquette, or ethics.
How does the Law support ethical behavior?
1. Honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships 2. Full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosure in the periodic reports required to be failed by the issuer. 3. Compliance with applicable governmental rules and regulations.
What is Principles?
Ethical rules that put values into action.
What is Consequentialist Theories?
Ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, that determine right and wrong by calculating the consequences of actions.
What is Ethics?
Derived from the Greek word ethos, which refers to those values, norms, beliefs, and. expectations that determine how people within a culture live and act.
What is Ethical Decision Making Process?
Requires a persuasive and rational justification for a decision. Rational justifications are developed through a logical process of decision making that gives proper attention to such things as facts, alternative perspectives, consequences to all stakeholders, and ethical principles.
What is Ethics?
Steps back from such standards for how people do act, and reflects on the standards by which people should live and act.
What is Social Ethics?
The area of ethics that is concerned with how we should live together with others and how social organizations ought to be structured. It involves questions of political, economic, civic, and cultural norms aimed at promoting human well-being.
What is Individualism vs Collectivism?
The degree to which people prefer to act individually or in groups.
What is Power Distance?
The distance between individuals at different levels of a hierarchy
What is Uncertainty avoidance?
The extent to which people are comfortable with uncertainty, ambiguity, change, and risks.
What is Character?
The sum of relatively set traits, dispositions, and habits of an individual. Along with rational deliberation and choice, a person's character accounts for how she or he makes decisions and acts. Training and developing character so that it is disposed to act ethically is the goal of virtue ethics.
What is Normative Myopia?
The tendency to ignore, or the lack of the ability to recognize, ethical issues in decision making.
What is Value?
This beliefs that incline us to act or to choose in one way rather than another. We can recognize many different types of _____,: financial, religious, legal, historical, nutritional, political, scientific, and aesthetic.
What is Human Rights?
Those moral rights that individual have simply in virtue of being a human being. Also called natural rights or moral rights.
What is Ethics?
involves what is perhaps the most monumental question any human being can ask: How should we live? Following from this original Greek usage. refer to both the standards by which an individual chooses to love her or his own personal life, and the standards by which individuals live in community with others
What is Ethics?
refers not only to an academic discipline, but also to that arena of human life studied by this academic discipline, namely, how human beings should properly live their lives.