Quizlet for Psych test 1 ppts

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Recognizing deception

-Micorexpressinos -interchannel discrepancies (difficult to regulate all channels at once) -paralinguistic cues -change in eye contact -self correction in grammar

Dual processing-Deliberate

-cold -explicit -consciously available

6 basic steps of research

1. Select a topic and review past research 2. Develop a theory, generate hypothesis, and select method 3. Obtain approval IRB 4. Collect data 5. Analyze data and reevaluate theory 6. Report results peer review

Kurt Lewin

1890-1947; Field: social psychology; Contributions: German refugee who escaped Nazis no research without action, and no action without research.

Self-awareness

A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions It seems reasonable to suggest that the higher their self-awareness, the more likely they are to respond with careful processing to persuasive messages dealing with issues they find important."

social desirability bias

A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.

Theory of Correspondent inference (Jones & Davis 1965)

A theory describing how we use other's behavior as a basis for INFERRING their stable dispositions based on inferring the persons position inferring they are angry you imply by what you said they are angry you can only imply what they are doing inferring is a process that you do by yourself You cannot tell someone what they are inferring, only what you think they are implying, or what you are inferring.

developing a theory

A theory helps generate testable hypotheses A theory advances knowledge in a specific area must be predictable internal coherence parsimony fertile (heuristic) a __ is your best explanation for any observed relationship THEY ARE NEVER PROVEN

correlation coefficient (linear regression)

Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) strength and magnitude (absolute value) direction is indicated by (positive or negative) -1/+1

Cognitive Consistency Theory

People are motivated to keep their own explicit (conscious) attitudes organized in a consistent and tension-free manner. Fritz Heider 1946

Non verbal communication- Facial Expression

Anger, Fear, Happiness, Sadness, Disgust, and surprise CHARLES darwin Paul ekman: did a facial study LIE to ME

Part of the brain associated with Self awareness

Anterior cingulate cortex prefrontal cingulate dorsal, anterior, orbitofrontal

affected by the imagined presence of others

As I think about going out later I'm embarrassed by what my friends will think of my clothes

drive theory

Attitude Discrepant behavior (I'm Honest but I Lied to a fellow student) ---> cognitive dissonance--> effort to reduce dissonance ($1 change attitude $20 enough to justify the lie)

implicit theories of personality

Birth order affect personality NOT TRUE

Surveys are

CORRELATIONAL research RANDOM SELECTION is important for representative sample SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS: may effect the responses

Martin seligman

Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness" now coined learned optimism this is under positive psychology approach

Stanely Milgram

Conformity test to show the power of an authority figure searched to explain nazi atrocities

Aronson and Mills (1959)

Female participants, who were joining a discussion group about the psychology of sex, were either accepted into the group (control condition), had to go through a mild initiation, which involved reading aloud sex-related words, or had to go through a severe initiation by reading aloud explicit sex words (Aronson 1959). When the participants were later asked the rate the discussion and the group members, those who went through severe initiation rated both categories much higher than both the control and mild initiation groups. Because the female participants had to justify the effort and humiliation they experienced to enter the group, they rated the group as more attractive than the other conditions. Effect of Severe initiation had to justify the reason for reading obscene words and they had a greater "liking score"

Methods of Impression (self-presentation)

Flattery: favor eye contact smiling

Example of a variable with different levels

Gender: 1 Variable with two levels: M or F Height is a Variable: with: infinite levels

Non verbal communication-body language

Gestures including Emblems that are specific to a culture posture: rounded (good) vs angular (bad) movement

example 2 causal attribution: He always gets very anxious in the presence of that dog. Everyone else also gets very anxious in the presence of that dog. He does not get anxious around most dogs.

High consistency High consensus High distinctiveness

example 1 causal attribution: He always gets very anxious in the presence of that dog. No one else acts that way to that dog. He gets very anxious every time he sees any dog.

His behavior is Highly consistent there is low consensus Low distinctiveness

Qualitative

Data in the form of recorded descriptions

Linden Cooper & jones 1967

Decision freedom as a determinant of the role of incentive magnitude in attitude change, JPSP There were 2 independent variables Incentive (low and high) $.50 or $2.50 Choice (choice and no choice) about essay The Dependent Variable was attitude change (about barring people from speaking on campus) lower incentive choice: higher attitude change higher incentive choice: low attitude change Lower Incentive no-choice: low attitude change higher incentive no-choice:higher attitude change THIS IS A 2 x 2 study design choice vs no choice and incentive vs no incentive One independent variable has a different effect at the different levels of the other I.V.

Causal Attribution Theory (stable external)

Difficulty the test must have been easy

Schema

Mental framework, automatic & controlled processing sources of Error on social cognition

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts and potential sources of error fallacies and biases or principles used to make quick/easy conclusions or inferences

Causal Attribution Theory (unstable internal)

Effort- she must have worked real hard

Implied presence of other

Even though, I can't see a TSA agent I don't leave my bag unattended at the airport you may never meet this person like your favorite muscian

Representative Heuristic

Make best guess based on similarity to typical patterns or general types she looks like a librarian she is a librarian she is: quiet unpopular, intelligent, serious

IQ scores and self-fulfilling prophecy

Told the teachers that certain kids where going to have increase in IQ and they did bc the self-fulfilling prophecy IQ should not change it is consistent

Personality (kurt lewin)

Trait internal stable typical

Type 1 and Type 2 error

Type 1: False positive Type 2: False Negative

Need for cognition

Verbal Intelligence/general intelligence Education level(knowledge) (Don't confuse intelligence (the ability to learn) with knowledge (the result of learning))

the augmenting principle (unexpected)

When a factor which might facilitate a behavior and one which might inhibit the same behavior are both present and the behavior occurs, we add weight to the behavior. republican endorsing democrat

Who argued for the development of Social Psych

Wilhelm Wundt 1862

Post decisional dissonance

a kind of cognitive dissonance You choose an option in spite of known negatives. Resolve this with selective attention eX; study election--> vote---> if candidate wins selectively attend to data that makes vote seem right if candidate looses selectively attend to data that proves the majority was wrong

A primacy effect

a person is describes as Intelligent or if that last word is intelligent which person is rated more highly by participant when intelligent is first

directionality problem

a problem encountered in correlational studies; the researchers find a relationship between two variables, but they cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable

Meta-Analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies it calculates the EFFECT SIZE this was a shift from the Majority rules

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably OVERUSE EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTIONS

Self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably takes responsibility for credit deny responsibility for failure

self-report

a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state survey

Priming

a situation that occurs when stimuli or events increase the availability in memory or consciousness Primed for rudeness with scrambled sentences (bold, rude, impolite, bluntly)or politeness(cordially, patiently, polite, courteous) = interrupted experimenter or not. If primed for elderly = walked slower.

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher focused on rewards and punishments

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events subliminal conditioning pairing stimuli

True Experiments

Randomly divide subjects manipulate the independent measure dependent variable manipulates the IV measures the DV all other variables are CONTROLLED

Value-laden perspective

Social science and social action should be connected; Scientists are morally obligated to try to improve society

Consistency

The extent to which HE reacts in the SAME way

Distinctiveness

The extent to which the same person reacts in the same way to different stimuli.

The discounting principle (expected)

The importance of one particular explanation for a given behavior is reduced to the extent that there are other possible explanations for that behavior. democrat endorse democrat

The Hostile Media Phenomenon

The problem with any one-sided "news" outlet is that it leads the "true believer" into delusional thinking.

If there is a SIGNIFICANT difference between means height and gender it is said that

There is a GENDER EFFECT on HEIGHT should always report effect size SIGNIFICANT does not imply LARGE: A highly significant effect could be so small as to be meaningless. That is, a statistically significant effect might have no practical significance because the effect size is so small.

Causal Attribution Theory (stable internal)

ability- shes smart

Vested interest

an inherent motivation to pay attention extremity of the strength to which attitudes will predict behavior hard to change attitude when there is a vested interest ex: Many congressmen and women blindly believe in absolutely unregulated Gun access in America because they are heavily funded by the NRA gun lobby. Many congressmen and women blindly refuse to believe that climate change is real because they are heavily funded by the fossil fuel industries. The list goes on and on. HAS TO DO WITH FUNDING

Age resistance to Persuasion

and attitude change. Old dogs resist new tricks.

fallacies & biases

are errors or distortions that crop up in the was people process social information Both of these minimize information overload and speed up the decision process. They may be helpful or harmful to objectivity. They are more often right than wrong, but they're often wrong.

direct observation

assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting watching people

The A-B problem LaPiere

attitudes don't always match behaviors wealthy chinese couple allowed in resturants but said they couldnt come demand characteristics social desirability bias

Selective avoidance resistance to Persuasion

avoiding info that challenges existing attitudes

Reducing dissonance

change attitude seek external justification

Role playing can

change attitudes

Paiget

cognitive development Assimilation and accommodation

Quasi experiments

comparisons of groups that differ in exposure to a variable of interest that cannot be manipulated for ethical or practical reasons they are CORRELATIONAL not a true experiment

demand characteristics

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected

A testable hypothesis

derived from a theory term variables in a hypothesis must be operationally defined testable prediction based on explanation

Leon Festinger

developed cognitive dissonance theory lying to others may change your attitude

reactance resistance to Persuasion

doing the opposite when freedom is threatened

Norman Triplett

first official social psychology experiment on social facilitation; cyclists performed better when paced by others

Edward Ross

focused on groups and the structure of society

William McDougal

focused on the individual as the unit of analysis

Population

group of people being described in the question or hypothesis

If initcially opposed

have a two sided argument

Central route

high elaboration, hence degree of persuasion depends on quality of arguments.

basic research

increase knowledge for the sake of knowledge does not attempt to solve a specific problem in the real world

automatic processing

is emotion based and occurs in the limbic system.

Problems with augmenting and discounting principle

it is a SELF-SERVING thing easier to discount info. we don't like

Example of a constant in data

it is a variable with only one factor: Human there is no levels you either are or you are not

Human thinking- COGNITIVE SHORTCUTS

it works on decreasing the time, but leaves us open to predictable errors in judgment

Attitudes are

lasting general evaluations of people (including self) objects, or ideas they are HEURISTICS- they are decision making rules or principles

observational learning (modeling)

learning by observing others and imitating their behavior

Impression management

looks at things we do to present ourselves favorably

Peripheral route

low elaboration, hence distraction allows attitude change with weak arguments and shallow processing Trump did the peripheral route lock her up trump's entire 2016 campaign used the peripheral route. " build the wall", "lock her up", "drain the swamp", "bring back the jobs" and loads of distractions. He did it for 4 yrs. He never made a detailed, reasoned argument for anything. Several new distractions every week.

reliable

means that it is generalizable it means it is SIGNIFICANT=REAL= SHOULD REPLICATE

Emily Loftus

memories are reconstructed around existing schemas

Facial expression 2000 olympics

most gold happy middle: sad bronze: happy

Floyd Allport:

moved to experimental direction

Selecting topic

must do a LIT REVIEW

Web based studies

non-representative sample run remote

Quanitative

numbers

Dual processing-automatic

outside of conscious awareness HOT= uses a rule of thumb driven by emotions and desires Implicit-effortless and easy

Cafe wall illusion

parallel lines don't look parallel due to staggered black and white boxes

Self-monitoring

people high in this can adjust their social behavior to situation

low-ball technique

persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product

Non verbal communication-eyes

pupil dilation: attraction Blinking: lying avoiding eye contact when lying

Controlled Neuroscience Studies

reasoning and logical occurs in the prefrontal cortex.

Self Awareness

recognizes that the self is separate from others

forewarning resistance to Persuasion

reduces persuasion

Impression formation

refers to studies of factors that influence our assessment of others

Unpriming

refers to the fact that the effects of the schemas tend to persist until they are somehow expressed in thought or behavior and only then do their effects decrease

positive thinking

saying can become believing

Value free perspective

scientists should not be concerned with how their discoveries are applied trying to influence social policy is irresponsible

Elaboration

scrutinizing arguments and developing own arguments in same direction.

Schemas can distort

self-fulfilling prophecy rosenthal and jacobson false IQ test

Sample

smaller group of people participating in the study

Non verbal communication-Scents

smelly T-shirt wore by women ovulating true experiment IV: ovulating vs not ovulating testosterone was affected

actor-observer effect

sometimes we observe others, sometimes we are the actor

Yale approach to persuasion

source: credible, attractive, similarity Message: 1/2 sided Audience: gender, knowledge, forewarning, inoculation

social psychology (kurt lewin)

state external unstable situational

Significant means real

statistical significance p less than 0.5 means that it is likely that the results will replicate it will have a REAL EFFECT in the population it is reliable

Inferential

statistics estimate the degree to which these responses can be generalized. T-test

Descriptive

statistics summarize the responses of the sample. mean median mode IQR

Non verbal communication- Touching

status and touching, handshakes

Availability Heuristic

the Recency happens where the most readily available information carries the most weight

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present If no-one acts, onlookers may believe others believe action is incorrect, and may therefore themselves refrain from acting.

fundemental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition OVER USE INTERNAL ATTRIBUTIONS

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

The Elaboration Likelihood Model

theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route Elaboration = scrutinizing arguments and developing own arguments in same direction. Central route = high elaboration, hence degree of persuasion depends on quality of arguments. Peripheral route = low elaboration, hence distraction allows attitude change with weak arguments and shallow processing. E

inoculation resistance to Persuasion

brain washing

direct experience

traumatic experience with object or in situation, including panic attack type of learning

genetics plays a role in attitudes

twin study conclude a high % of personality is due to genetics

Asch's Central Traits

warm and cold carry more weight warm: generous, happy, good-natured, sociable, popular, and altruistic.

self-perception theory (daryl BEM, 1965)

we can infer our internal states such as our attitude by observing our own behavior we dont know our attitudes but rather infer them by reviewing our behavior challenges cognitive dissonance

cause and effect illusion

when two variables are related (correlated), there is a natural tendency to assume that one causes the other, but correlation does not allow us to infer causality

plauralistic ignorance

when you misunderstand what attitudes others hold and believe erroneously that others have different attitudes than ours ex: people who are prochoice do not hate babies nor do they endorse killing babies and prolife people do not hate women. Many NFL players were not protesting the flag, the American military or the country by "taking a knee" bias about a social group help by the members of that social group . causes groupthink and bystander effect

self-fulfilling prophecy

you can make a person behave the way you expect that person to behave think about the expectations you have for sibling leads the person to falsely believe that their prediction was accurate and they understand the world EX: trump's relationship with the media perceiver forms expectation--> perceiver acts towards the target based on expectations--> Target interprets the perceiver's actions and responds in a consistent manner

Factors that influence us regarding

-source: of information -+/- -unusual info. -primacy effect -schemas

The message

1. More persuasive if message appears not intended to persuade 2. Message that evokes strong emotion (especially fear) more persuasive. 3. 1-sided vs 2-sided messages (see audience)

Two step compliance

1. foot-in-the-door 2. Low ball technique

Guidelines to Human Research

1. informed consent -use deception only when necessary 2.right to decline or discontinue 3. minimize harm 4. right to privacy 5. debrief provide feedback if requested

Correlational method

1. measure two variables 2. calculate the relationship has a pearson's correlation +.90 correlation does not imply causation correlation is necessary but not sufficient for causality Coffee--> HR HR---> Coffee

The Audience

1.Easier to persuade distracted audience (sometimes). 2. Audience with low self-esteem more easily persuaded. 3. If audience initially opposed, present two-sided argument. 4. If initially in favor, present one-sided argument. 5. Knowledge.The more the audience knows, the more difficult to persuade.

The speaker

1.Experts are more persuasive 2. *Attractive speakers are often more persuasive 3. *Familiarity and liking matter (Humor) 4. *Credibility of speaker matters Sleeper effect with low-credibility source 5. *Rapid speakers can be more persuasive, prevents central route see slide 39

third variable problem

A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest. Age--->coffee or Age--> HR

behavior impacted by presence

All these students are looking at me

The effect of perceived choice

Cognitive dissonance in free choice, operant conditioning in no choice To experience Cognitive dissonance, people must feel they had a choice.

Archival info.

Compare number of children below the poverty line in 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010.

Applied

Increases the understanding of social problems finds solutions to social problem uses current scientific

Cognitive illusion

It is any superstition like seeing a black cat it is the cause and effect illusion

Causal Attribution Theory (unstable external)

Luck- I guess she she got lucky

Who conducted the first psychological experiment in 1895?

Norman Triplett

IRB approval

Protects patients avoid deception: -not fully disclosing the nature of the study -use of confederates is deception

Function of attitudes

Provide Knowledge Help with identity help with self esteem Ego defense impression management

Psychology vs. Sociology

Psych: individual level -thoughts processes -emotional reactions -behavioral tendencies Soc: focus on group level variables -status -norms -social roles

6 approaches to psychology

Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, Gestalt, Humanistic, Cognitive, Biological

Collectivism

Takes care of others within your group group goals are more important than the individual 70% of the world is collectivistic

Individualism

Takes care of the self and immediate family only pursues one's own goals does not like being influenced by the group

Social Perception

The process through which we seek to know and understand other persons

Social Psych. Definition

The scientific study of the interactions between 2 or more people, one of whom may be implied

ABC model

affect (emotion), behavior (action) , cognition (thinking)

Consensus

the extent to which OTHERS react the same way that "he" does to a stimulus.

Effect Size

the magnitude of a relationship between two or more variables it happens in meta-analysis

Social Cognition

the manner in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives


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