business final

Indulgence Versus Restraint

Countries with a high IVR score allow or encourage relatively free gratification of people's own drives and emotions, such as enjoying life and having fun. In a society with a low IVR score (restrained culture), there is more emphasis on suppressing gratification and more regulation of people's conduct and behavior, and there are stricter social norms. high is Optimistic. Importance of freedom of speech. Focus on personal happiness. low is · Pessimistic. More controlled and rigid behavior

High-context cultures

(Japan, Saudi Arabia, China, India, Mexico, Latin America) main component of communication is in the context: people's surroundings, past and present events and in the relationships between people. These cultures want to build a relationship first, and then they trust. Ipeople say is not often exactly what they mean -that is to say the meaning of a word or phrase has to be understood "in the context" of when not necessary to say many words to explain things many people have the same lifestyle, religion, family circumstances and are able to understand the hidden meaning without many words having to be spoken. assume that the audience shares the communicator's background and values and therefore use fewer words and rely on nonverbal behavior, tradition, intuition, and ceremony.

Polychronic

(Middle East, Latin America, some Asian countries) that time is the servant and tool of people. People see the past, present, and future as interwoven periods. Time is adjusted to suit the needs of people. Plans frequently change, and being made to wait is normal. These cultures believe that more time is always available, and you are never too busy. People often have to do several things simultaneously, as required by circumstances. It's not necessary to finish one thing before starting another.

Monochronic

(U.S., Canada, Germany) time is fixed and people need to regulate their lives by it. a high value on punctuality, planning (and sticking to your plans), and staying on schedule. needs of people are secondary to the demands of time—schedules, deadlines, etc. People don't appreciate it when their schedule is thrown off or when their time is "wasted". "time is money."

Low-context cultures

(United States, Canada, Australia, Germany) assume very little and therefore use more words to convey very explicit messages. what people say usually means exactly what they mean to say. verbal elaboration is necessary due to fewer shared assumptions. people who come from many different backgrounds - therefore fewer people "are on the same wavelength." Therefore, more words are needed to explain things.

Individualism

High IDV Preference for a loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of only themselves and their immediate families. · High valuation on people's time and their need for freedom. · An enjoyment of challenges, and an expectation of rewards for hard work. Respect for privacy. Low IDV (Collect-ivism) · Preference for a tightly-knit framework in society where individuals can expect their relatives or members of their in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. · The group is always more important than the individual Harmony more important than honesty.

Power/distance

High PD Centralized companies. · Strong hierarchies. Large gaps in compensation, authority, and respect are accepted and expected. Low PD · Flatter organizations. Supervisors and employees are considered almost as equals.

4 dimensions of culture

Power/distance Individualism Long Term Orientation Indulgence Versus Restraint

Long Term Orientation

Societies with a short-term orientation generally have a strong concern with establishing the absolute Truth. They are normative in their thinking. Respect of individuals is very important (both respecting and being respected), and pride in oneself, group, country, religion, etc. is very important. They exhibit little propensity to save for the future, and focus on achieving quick results.