Business test CH. 9-12

How have U.S. manufactures increased output

1. emphasizing close relationships with suppliers 2. satisfied customer needs 3. continuous improvement 4. improved quality

Current state of manufacturing in the U.S.

1. manufacturing sector has been declining = less jobs in manufacturing 2. manufacturing jobs have become more productive

What is the difference between high-context(1) and low-context cultures(2)?

1. people build personal relationships and develop group trust before focusing on tasks 2. people often view relationship building as a waste of time that diverts attention from the task

What levels of "need" did Maslow identify (5)?

1. physiological 2. safety 3. social 4. esteem 5. self-actualization

What are the steps in human resource planning (5)?

1. preparing and inventory of the organization's employees 2. preparing a job analysis 3. assessing future demand 4. assessing future supply 5. establishing a plan for recruiting, hiring, educating, appraising, compensating, and scheduling employees

What is Frederick Taylor known for?

1. the "father" of scientific management 2. he conducted time-motion studies to learn the most efficient way of doing a job 3. he published his book The Principles of Scientific Management

PERT(1) vs. Gantt charts(2)

1. tool used for planning 2. tool used to measure progress

How do robotics help make manufactures more competitive?

1. work 24 hours a day/ seven days a week 2. work with great precision

ISO 14001

A collection of the best practices for managing an organization's impact on the environment

Materials Requirement Planning (MRP)

A computer-based operations management system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right time and place

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

A newer version of Materials Requirement Planning (MRP), that combines the computerized functions of all the divisions and subsidiaries of the firm--such as finance, human resources, and order fulfillment--into a single integrated software program that uses a single database

just-in-time (JIT) inventory control

A production process in which a minimum of inventory is kept on the premises and parts, supplies, and other needs are delivered just in time to go on the assembly line

operations management

A specialized area in management that converts or transforms resources (including human resources) into goods and services

Who developed Theory X and Theory Y?

Douglas McGregor held that managers have one of two opposing attitudes toward employees

What kind of firms use operations managers?

Firms in both the manufacturing and service sectors use operations managers

hygiene factors + who thought of it

Hertzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased

management by objectives (MBO) + who thought of it

Peter Drucker's system of goal-setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees

statistical process control (SPC)

The process of taking statistical samples of product components at each stage of the production process and plotting those results on a graph. Any variances from quality standards are recognized and can be corrected if beyond the set standards

computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

The uniting of computer-aided design with computer-aided manufacturing

Douglas McGregor's theory

Theory x and y

expectancy theory + who thought of it

Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome

What is Theory Z + who thought of it?

William Ouchi based it on Japanese management styles

grievance

a charge by employees that management isn't abiding by the terms of the negotiated labor-management agreement

job enlargement

a job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment

job rotation

a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

a method for analyzing the tasks involved in completing a given project, estimating the time needed to complete each task, and identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project

job enrichment

a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself

continuous process

a production process in which long production runs turn out finished goods over time

intermittent process

a production process in which the production run is short and the machines are changed frequently to make different products

six sigma quality

a quality measure that allows only 3.4 defects per million opportunities

job analysis

a study of what is done by employees who hold various job titles

job description

a summary of the objectives of a job, the type of work to be done, the responsibilities and duties, the working conditions, and the relationship of the job to other functions

job specifications

a written summary of the minimum qualifications required of workers to do a particular job

open shop agreement

agreement in right-to-work states that gives workers the option to join or not join a union, if one exists in their workplace

negotiated labor-management agreement (labor contract)

agreement that sets the tone and clarifies the terms under which management and labor agree to function over a period of time

arbitration

agreement to bring in an impartial third party (single or a panel) to render a binding decision in a labor dispute

training and development

all attempts to improve productivity by increasing an employee's ability to perform. Training focuses on short-term skills, whereas development focuses on long-term abilities

job sharing

an arrangement whereby two part-time employees share one full-time job

performance appraisal

an evaluation that measures employee performance against established standards in order to make decisions about promotions, compensation, training, or termination

mentor

an experienced employee who supervises, coaches, and guides lower-level employees by introducing them to the right people and generally being their organizational sponsor

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

an organization of craft unions that championed fundamental labor issues; founded in 1886

secondary boycott

attempt by labor to convince others to stop doing business with a firm that's the subject of a primary boycott; prohibited by the Taft-Hartley Act

lockout

attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business

Gantt Chart

bar graph showing production managers what projects are being worked on and what stage they are in at any given time

What did Abraham Maslow find human motivation to be based on?

based on needs

fringe benefits

benefits such as sick-leave pay, vacation pay, pension plans, and health plans that represent additional compensation to employees beyond base wages

3D printing

builds—layer by layer in an additive process—a three-dimensional solid object from a digital model (also known as additive manufacturing)

agency shop agreement

clause in a labor-management agreement that says employers may hire nonunion workers; employees aren't required to join the union but must pay a union fee

union shop agreement

clause in a labor-management agreement that says workers don't have to be members of a union to be hired, but must agree to join the union within a prescribed period

closed shop agreement

clause in a labor-management agreement that specified workers had to be members of a union before being hired (was outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947)

quality

consistently producing what the customer wants while reducing errors before and after delivery to the customer

injunction

court order directing someone to do something or to refrain from doing something

flexible manufacturing

designing machines to do multiple tasks so they can produce a variety of products

union

employee organization that has the main goal of representing members in employee-management bargaining over job-related issues

affirmative action

employment activities intended to "right past wrongs" by increasing opportunities for minorities and women

Victor Vroom's theory

expectancy

Knights of Labor

first national labor union; formed in 1869

certification

formal process whereby a union is recognized by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) as the bargaining agent for a group of employees

cafeteria-style fringe benefits

fringe benefits plan that allows employees to choose the benefits they want up to a certain dollar amount

Abraham Maslow's theory

hierarchy of needs

motivators + who thought of them

in Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction

critical path

in a PERT network, the sequence of tasks that takes the longest time to complete

core time

in a flextime plan, the period when all employees are expected to be at their job stations

What are contingent workers?

include part-time workers (anyone who works less than 35 hours per week), temporary workers, seasonal workers, independent contractors, interns, and co-op students

How do managers evaluate different sites?

labor costs and land costs

industrial unions

labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobile manufacturing and mining

right-to-work laws

legislation that gives workers the right, under an open shop, to join or not join a union if it's present

Peter Drucker's theory

management by objectives (MBO)

Hertzberg's theory

motivation and hygiene factors

craft union

organization of skilled specialists in a particular craft or trade

assembly process

part of the production process that puts together components

What is Theory Y?

people like working and will accept responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's theory

principle of motion

decertification

process by which workers take away a union's right to represent them

collective bargaining

process whereby union and management representatives form a labor-management agreement, or contract, for workers

union security clause

provision in a negotiated labor-management agreement that stipulates that employees who benefit from a union must either officially join or at least pay dues to the union

bargaining zone

range of options between the initial and final offer that each party will consider before negotiations dissolve or reach an impasse

extrinsic reward

something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions

time-motion studies + who thought of them

studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task

scientific management

studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques

mass customization

tailoring products to meet the needs of individual customers

process manufacturing

that part of the production process that physically or chemically changes materials

What is Theory X?

the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. Therefore, people must be forced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to accomplish organizational goals.

ISO 9001

the common name given to quality management and assurance standards

production

the creation of goods and services using factors of production: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship, and knowledge

purchasing

the function in a firm that searches for high-quality material resources, finds the best suppliers, and negotiates the best price for goods and services

equity theory

the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions

goal-setting theory

the idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions

intrinsic reward

the personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals

facility layout

the physical arrangement of resources (including people) in the production process

human resource management (HRM)

the process of determining human resource needs and then recruiting, selecting, developing, motivating, evaluating, compensating, and scheduling employees to achieve organizational goals

networking

the process of establishing and maintaining contacts with key managers in one's own organization and other organizations and using those contacts to weave strong relationships that serve as informal development systems

selection

the process of gathering information and deciding who should be hired, under legal guidelines, for the best interests of the individual and the organization

facility location

the process of selecting a geographic location for a company's operations

management development

the process of training and educating employees to become good managers and then monitoring the progress of their managerial skills over time

statistical quality control (SQC)

the process some managers use to continually monitor all phases of the production process to assure that quality is being built into the product from the beginning

lean manufacturing

the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production

recruitment

the set of activities used to obtain a sufficient number of the right people at the right time

Hawthorne effect

the tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied

production management

the term used to describe all the activities managers do to help their firms create goods

computer-aided design (CAD)

the use of computers in the design of products

computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

the use of computers in the manufacturing of products

job simulation

the use of equipment that duplicates job conditions and tasks so that trainees can learn skills before attempting them on the job

form utility

the value producers add to materials in the creation of finished goods and services

What are the factors called motivators?

the work itself, achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth, and advancement

principle of motion economy +who thought of it

theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs

William Ouchi's theory

theory z

Fredrick Taylor's theory

time motion studies

What quality standards do firms in the U.S. use (7)?

to qualify for the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award they must demonstrate quality in: 1. leadership 2. strategic planning 3. customer and market focus 4. info and analysis 5. HR focus 6. process management 7. business results

vestibule training

training done in classrooms where employees are taught on equipment similar to that used on the job

apprentice programs

training programs involving a period during which a learner works alongside an experienced employee to master the skills and procedures of a craft

off-the-job training

training that occurs away from the workplace and consists of internal or external programs to develop any of a variety of skills or to foster personal development

yellow-dog contract

type of contract that required employees to agree as a condition of employment not to join a union; prohibited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act in 1932

shop stewards

union officials who work permanently in an organization and represent employee interests on a daily basis

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955

strike

union strategy in which workers refuse to go to work; the purpose is to further workers' objectives after an impasse in collective bargaining

sexual harassment

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other conduct (verbal or physical) of a sexual nature that creates a hostile work environment

mediation

use of a third party who encourages both sides in a dispute to continue negotiating and often makes suggestions for resolving the dispute

primary boycott

when a union encourages both its members and the general public not to buy the products of a firm involved in a labor dispute

cooling-off period

when workers in a critical industry return to their jobs while the union and management continue negotiations

compressed workweek

work schedule that allows an employee to work a full number of hours per week but in fewer days

flextime plan

work schedule that gives employees some freedom to choose when to work, as long as they work the required number of hours

strikebreakers

workers hired to do the jobs of striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved

contingent workers

workers who do not have the expectation of regular, full-time employment

telecommuting

working from home via computer and modem