Business test CH. 9-12
How have U.S. manufactures increased output
1. emphasizing close relationships with suppliers 2. satisfied customer needs 3. continuous improvement 4. improved quality
Current state of manufacturing in the U.S.
1. manufacturing sector has been declining = less jobs in manufacturing 2. manufacturing jobs have become more productive
What is the difference between high-context(1) and low-context cultures(2)?
1. people build personal relationships and develop group trust before focusing on tasks 2. people often view relationship building as a waste of time that diverts attention from the task
What levels of "need" did Maslow identify (5)?
1. physiological 2. safety 3. social 4. esteem 5. self-actualization
What are the steps in human resource planning (5)?
1. preparing and inventory of the organization's employees 2. preparing a job analysis 3. assessing future demand 4. assessing future supply 5. establishing a plan for recruiting, hiring, educating, appraising, compensating, and scheduling employees
What is Frederick Taylor known for?
1. the "father" of scientific management 2. he conducted time-motion studies to learn the most efficient way of doing a job 3. he published his book The Principles of Scientific Management
PERT(1) vs. Gantt charts(2)
1. tool used for planning 2. tool used to measure progress
How do robotics help make manufactures more competitive?
1. work 24 hours a day/ seven days a week 2. work with great precision
ISO 14001
A collection of the best practices for managing an organization's impact on the environment
Materials Requirement Planning (MRP)
A computer-based operations management system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right time and place
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
A newer version of Materials Requirement Planning (MRP), that combines the computerized functions of all the divisions and subsidiaries of the firm--such as finance, human resources, and order fulfillment--into a single integrated software program that uses a single database
just-in-time (JIT) inventory control
A production process in which a minimum of inventory is kept on the premises and parts, supplies, and other needs are delivered just in time to go on the assembly line
operations management
A specialized area in management that converts or transforms resources (including human resources) into goods and services
Who developed Theory X and Theory Y?
Douglas McGregor held that managers have one of two opposing attitudes toward employees
What kind of firms use operations managers?
Firms in both the manufacturing and service sectors use operations managers
hygiene factors + who thought of it
Hertzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased
management by objectives (MBO) + who thought of it
Peter Drucker's system of goal-setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees
statistical process control (SPC)
The process of taking statistical samples of product components at each stage of the production process and plotting those results on a graph. Any variances from quality standards are recognized and can be corrected if beyond the set standards
computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
The uniting of computer-aided design with computer-aided manufacturing
Douglas McGregor's theory
Theory x and y
expectancy theory + who thought of it
Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome
What is Theory Z + who thought of it?
William Ouchi based it on Japanese management styles
grievance
a charge by employees that management isn't abiding by the terms of the negotiated labor-management agreement
job enlargement
a job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment
job rotation
a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
a method for analyzing the tasks involved in completing a given project, estimating the time needed to complete each task, and identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project
job enrichment
a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself
continuous process
a production process in which long production runs turn out finished goods over time
intermittent process
a production process in which the production run is short and the machines are changed frequently to make different products
six sigma quality
a quality measure that allows only 3.4 defects per million opportunities
job analysis
a study of what is done by employees who hold various job titles
job description
a summary of the objectives of a job, the type of work to be done, the responsibilities and duties, the working conditions, and the relationship of the job to other functions
job specifications
a written summary of the minimum qualifications required of workers to do a particular job
open shop agreement
agreement in right-to-work states that gives workers the option to join or not join a union, if one exists in their workplace
negotiated labor-management agreement (labor contract)
agreement that sets the tone and clarifies the terms under which management and labor agree to function over a period of time
arbitration
agreement to bring in an impartial third party (single or a panel) to render a binding decision in a labor dispute
training and development
all attempts to improve productivity by increasing an employee's ability to perform. Training focuses on short-term skills, whereas development focuses on long-term abilities
job sharing
an arrangement whereby two part-time employees share one full-time job
performance appraisal
an evaluation that measures employee performance against established standards in order to make decisions about promotions, compensation, training, or termination
mentor
an experienced employee who supervises, coaches, and guides lower-level employees by introducing them to the right people and generally being their organizational sponsor
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
an organization of craft unions that championed fundamental labor issues; founded in 1886
secondary boycott
attempt by labor to convince others to stop doing business with a firm that's the subject of a primary boycott; prohibited by the Taft-Hartley Act
lockout
attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business
Gantt Chart
bar graph showing production managers what projects are being worked on and what stage they are in at any given time
What did Abraham Maslow find human motivation to be based on?
based on needs
fringe benefits
benefits such as sick-leave pay, vacation pay, pension plans, and health plans that represent additional compensation to employees beyond base wages
3D printing
builds—layer by layer in an additive process—a three-dimensional solid object from a digital model (also known as additive manufacturing)
agency shop agreement
clause in a labor-management agreement that says employers may hire nonunion workers; employees aren't required to join the union but must pay a union fee
union shop agreement
clause in a labor-management agreement that says workers don't have to be members of a union to be hired, but must agree to join the union within a prescribed period
closed shop agreement
clause in a labor-management agreement that specified workers had to be members of a union before being hired (was outlawed by the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947)
quality
consistently producing what the customer wants while reducing errors before and after delivery to the customer
injunction
court order directing someone to do something or to refrain from doing something
flexible manufacturing
designing machines to do multiple tasks so they can produce a variety of products
union
employee organization that has the main goal of representing members in employee-management bargaining over job-related issues
affirmative action
employment activities intended to "right past wrongs" by increasing opportunities for minorities and women
Victor Vroom's theory
expectancy
Knights of Labor
first national labor union; formed in 1869
certification
formal process whereby a union is recognized by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) as the bargaining agent for a group of employees
cafeteria-style fringe benefits
fringe benefits plan that allows employees to choose the benefits they want up to a certain dollar amount
Abraham Maslow's theory
hierarchy of needs
motivators + who thought of them
in Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction
critical path
in a PERT network, the sequence of tasks that takes the longest time to complete
core time
in a flextime plan, the period when all employees are expected to be at their job stations
What are contingent workers?
include part-time workers (anyone who works less than 35 hours per week), temporary workers, seasonal workers, independent contractors, interns, and co-op students
How do managers evaluate different sites?
labor costs and land costs
industrial unions
labor organizations of unskilled and semiskilled workers in mass-production industries such as automobile manufacturing and mining
right-to-work laws
legislation that gives workers the right, under an open shop, to join or not join a union if it's present
Peter Drucker's theory
management by objectives (MBO)
Hertzberg's theory
motivation and hygiene factors
craft union
organization of skilled specialists in a particular craft or trade
assembly process
part of the production process that puts together components
What is Theory Y?
people like working and will accept responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's theory
principle of motion
decertification
process by which workers take away a union's right to represent them
collective bargaining
process whereby union and management representatives form a labor-management agreement, or contract, for workers
union security clause
provision in a negotiated labor-management agreement that stipulates that employees who benefit from a union must either officially join or at least pay dues to the union
bargaining zone
range of options between the initial and final offer that each party will consider before negotiations dissolve or reach an impasse
extrinsic reward
something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions
time-motion studies + who thought of them
studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task
scientific management
studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques
mass customization
tailoring products to meet the needs of individual customers
process manufacturing
that part of the production process that physically or chemically changes materials
What is Theory X?
the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. Therefore, people must be forced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to accomplish organizational goals.
ISO 9001
the common name given to quality management and assurance standards
production
the creation of goods and services using factors of production: land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship, and knowledge
purchasing
the function in a firm that searches for high-quality material resources, finds the best suppliers, and negotiates the best price for goods and services
equity theory
the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions
goal-setting theory
the idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions
intrinsic reward
the personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals
facility layout
the physical arrangement of resources (including people) in the production process
human resource management (HRM)
the process of determining human resource needs and then recruiting, selecting, developing, motivating, evaluating, compensating, and scheduling employees to achieve organizational goals
networking
the process of establishing and maintaining contacts with key managers in one's own organization and other organizations and using those contacts to weave strong relationships that serve as informal development systems
selection
the process of gathering information and deciding who should be hired, under legal guidelines, for the best interests of the individual and the organization
facility location
the process of selecting a geographic location for a company's operations
management development
the process of training and educating employees to become good managers and then monitoring the progress of their managerial skills over time
statistical quality control (SQC)
the process some managers use to continually monitor all phases of the production process to assure that quality is being built into the product from the beginning
lean manufacturing
the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production
recruitment
the set of activities used to obtain a sufficient number of the right people at the right time
Hawthorne effect
the tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied
production management
the term used to describe all the activities managers do to help their firms create goods
computer-aided design (CAD)
the use of computers in the design of products
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
the use of computers in the manufacturing of products
job simulation
the use of equipment that duplicates job conditions and tasks so that trainees can learn skills before attempting them on the job
form utility
the value producers add to materials in the creation of finished goods and services
What are the factors called motivators?
the work itself, achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth, and advancement
principle of motion economy +who thought of it
theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs
William Ouchi's theory
theory z
Fredrick Taylor's theory
time motion studies
What quality standards do firms in the U.S. use (7)?
to qualify for the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award they must demonstrate quality in: 1. leadership 2. strategic planning 3. customer and market focus 4. info and analysis 5. HR focus 6. process management 7. business results
vestibule training
training done in classrooms where employees are taught on equipment similar to that used on the job
apprentice programs
training programs involving a period during which a learner works alongside an experienced employee to master the skills and procedures of a craft
off-the-job training
training that occurs away from the workplace and consists of internal or external programs to develop any of a variety of skills or to foster personal development
yellow-dog contract
type of contract that required employees to agree as a condition of employment not to join a union; prohibited by the Norris-LaGuardia Act in 1932
shop stewards
union officials who work permanently in an organization and represent employee interests on a daily basis
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955
strike
union strategy in which workers refuse to go to work; the purpose is to further workers' objectives after an impasse in collective bargaining
sexual harassment
unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other conduct (verbal or physical) of a sexual nature that creates a hostile work environment
mediation
use of a third party who encourages both sides in a dispute to continue negotiating and often makes suggestions for resolving the dispute
primary boycott
when a union encourages both its members and the general public not to buy the products of a firm involved in a labor dispute
cooling-off period
when workers in a critical industry return to their jobs while the union and management continue negotiations
compressed workweek
work schedule that allows an employee to work a full number of hours per week but in fewer days
flextime plan
work schedule that gives employees some freedom to choose when to work, as long as they work the required number of hours
strikebreakers
workers hired to do the jobs of striking workers until the labor dispute is resolved
contingent workers
workers who do not have the expectation of regular, full-time employment
telecommuting
working from home via computer and modem