BYU Psych 381 online

Bard's research on sham rage led him to conclude that the

hypothalamus and adjoining structures play critical roles in the expression of aggression.

Diet-induced thermogenesis refers to the increases in body temperature produced by

increases in body fat.

Theoretically, Broca's area is to Wernicke's area as

language production is to language comprehension.

Cognitive neuroscientists interested in the brain mechanisms of language have sought to understand the specific parts of the brain that mediate

language's constituent cognitive processes.

Many early studies of intracranial self-stimulation focused on the stimulation of the

lateral hypothalamus or septum.

The most influential circadian zeitgeber is the

light-dark cycle.

As a consequence of digestion, three basic forms in which energy is delivered to the body are

lipids, amino acids, and glucose.

Epidemiological studies on the etiology of multiple sclerosis indicate that genetic factors

make a weaker contribution than environment to the development of the disease.

Those mammals with ready access to a continuous supply of good food usually eat __________ per day.

many small meals, or snacks

Le Doux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not.

medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex

The monoamine theory of depression is based on the fact that

most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists.

Depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, and difficulties in sleeping and concentrating are common __________ withdrawal symptoms.

nicotine

Laboratory animals self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the

nucleus accumbens.

In comparison to the causes of developmental dyslexia, the causes of acquired dyslexia tend to be more

obvious.

According to the study by Fichten and colleagues, the difference between long sleepers and short sleepers is

only in the amount of sleep they get--there are no other differences.

These drugs are widely used in the treatment of pain, cough, and diarrhea:

opiates

Food in the stomach stimulates the release of __________ from the stomach wall.

peptides

Co-occurrence has been shown to be critical for LTP. Co-occurrence refers to the requirement for simultaneous activity in

presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

Pellis and colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their mouse killing. These researchers concluded that this was due to

reducing the defensiveness of the cat.

One test commonly used to assess implicit memory in neuropsychological patients is the

repetition priming test.

Electrical stimulation of the __________ awakens sleeping cats.

reticular formation

Areas of the brain that interpret the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis.

semantic

Although __________ agonists are effective in the treatment of obesity, they are currently not in wide use because they tend to have dangerous side effects.

serotonin

A condition in which a person's sleep is repeatedly disrupted by the inability to breathe is called

sleep apnea.

Evidence suggests that the naming of different categories of nouns (such as faces, animals, or tools) is each mediated by a different part of the

temporal lobe.

Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into CNS neurons by

the blood-brain barrier.

Animals with a sodium deficiency, tend to favor diets rich in sodium because

the deficiency produces an immediate preference for the taste of sodium salts.

A problem faced by many theories of drug conditioning is predicting

the direction of conditioned effects.

HM's surgery was a success in that

the incidence of his seizures was markedly reduced

During language tests, PET and fMRI typically reveal greater activity in

the left hemisphere.

Much of the study of lateralization of function has focused on the right hemisphere because

the special abilities of the left hemisphere have been more apparent.

The major behavioral symptom of Parkinson's disease is

tremor that is pronounced during inactivity.

When insufficient neurotransmitter is released at a synapse, there is often compensatory __________ of the receptors.

up-regulation

Free-running periods are

usually longer than 24 hours.

Tobacco is implicated in about 1 of every __________ deaths worldwide.

10

The probability that a close biological relative (i.e., a parent, sibling, or child) of a patient suffering from schizophrenia will also be diagnosed with schizophrenia is about ______ .

10%

Although adults have difficulty discriminating among many language sounds that are not present in the languages that they speak, ___________ can discriminate among the sounds of all languages.

10-month-old infants

About __________ of the energy that a person uses each day goes to maintain her or his resting metabolic processes.

80%

According to the text, which theory of sleep does the best job of explaining why there are such large differences in the amount of time that the members of various mammalian species spend sleeping?

Adaptation theory

What is the difference between partial and generalized seizures?

Generalized seizures involve abnormal activation across the entire brain while partial seizures involve abnormal activation in only part of the brain.

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations

What does a helmet do in the event of a crash?

It reduces the chances that a closed-head injury will become a (much more serious) open-head injury; It reduces the force on the brain thus reducing the extent of the brain damage; It reduces the chances of death.

Alzheimer's disease is primarily characterized by what neurological changes?

Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques.

People with __________ act as if they are starving.

Prader-Willi syndrome

Dreaming appears to occur mainly during

REM sleep

Why is the task of diagnosing epilepsy difficult?

Seizures take on many forms and have many causes.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, our facial expressions influence our emotional experiences. Which theory of emotional processing might this support?

The James-Lange theory.

Lesions to which of the following structures specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context?

The hippocampus

A tumor is

a cluster of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body.

Each hemisphere of a human split-brain patient is capable of completing visual patterns. That is why on the chimeric figures test, each hemisphere sees

a complete, but different, face.

As a person puts on weight, there is

a decrease in the efficiency of energy use

The engram is

a general term that refers to the unknown change in the brain that is responsible for storing memory.

Memory consolidation is a process by which memories are transferred from

a mode of short-term storage to a mode of long-term storage.

Schizophrenia typically begins in

adolescence or early adulthood.

Anti-schizophrenia medications typically

affect only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because

aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.

The 8-to-12 Hz EEG waves that are often associated with relaxed wakefulness are

alpha waves.

Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the

amygdala.

The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the

amygdala.

Following his surgery, HM seemed to experience

an extreme anterograde amnesia for new information.

HM's greatest post-surgical problem was his

anterograde amnesia.

Brain-damage-produced deficits in language-related ability are generally referred to as

aphasia.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression

are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli.

Meningiomas are typically

benign

Which of the following are commonly prescribed as hypnotics?

benzodiazepines

At the age of 27, HM underwent a

bilateral medial temporal lobectomy.

Chlorpromazine

binds to the D2 dopamine receptor.

MAO inhibitors are no longer used in the treatment of depression because they

block MAO's ability to break down tyramine.

People who engage in cycles of fasting, bingeing, and purging are said to suffer from

bulimia nervosa.

Strokes are sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage. Strokes can be caused by

cerebral ischemia.

The first two anti-schizophrenic drugs were

chlorpromazine and reserpine.

Which of the following drugs is a local anesthetic?

cocaine

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called

cross tolerance.

Selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors are used in the treatment of

depression.

Many self-stimulation sites contain

dopaminergic neurons.

Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one's life are __________ memories.

episodic

According to the James-Lange theory, the

experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli.

Ischemia-induced brain damage takes some time to develop. This is because the cascade of events causing the damage involves the excessive release of the neurotransmitter _______________.

glutamate

When they fall asleep, narcoleptics immediately

go into REM sleep.

Long-term potentiation

has been most commonly studied in several different neural circuits in the hippocampus.