Cambridge Checkpoint Study Guide
Mrs. GREN
Movement Reproduction Sensitivity Growth Respiration Excretion Nutrition
diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
earth's structure
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
antagonistic muscles
opposing sets of muscles that are required to move a leg or arm back and forth (triceps and biceps)
acid
pH of less than 7
capillaries
smallest blood vessels
species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
food chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten (The arrow points from the one eating to the one being eaten. This shows that the energy is being transferred to the one doing the eating!)
variation
Any difference between individuals of the same species.
Copernicus
Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe
insect
a class of small arthropod animals that has three separate sections to their bodies and six legs
carbonate
a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with CO3 Ex: NaCO3 Sodium Carbonate
sulfate
a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with SO4 Ex: CuSO4 Copper Sulfate
hydroxide
a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with an OH group Ex: KOH Potassium Hydroxide
chloride
a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with chlorine (Cl) Ex: NaCl Sodium Chloride
oxide
a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with oxygen Ex: CO2 Carbon Dioxide (Carbon belongs to the metals on the periodic table)
rust
a solid brown material formed when iron combines chemically with oxygen-this is an example of a chemical reaction that is NOT helpful (sometimes screws and nails are covered with a layer of plastic to keep them from rusting)
dispersion
a spreading or scattering or separating (white light into its component colors ROY G BIV)
mammal
a warm-blooded vertebrate with hair or fur and females produce milk to feed their young
base
alkaline, pH greater than 7
arthropod
an invertebrate that has an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages (An insect is an arthropod. An arachnid (spider) is also an arthropod.)
arteries
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Organization of living organisms
cells--->tissue--->organ--->tissue--->system
Moment
force x distance (If a wrench is being used to loosen a nut, the force is calculated by multiplying the force (N) by the length of the wrench (cm). The longer the wrench, the greater the Moments. Think of wedging a long stick under a boulder to move it. The longer the stick, the easier the boulder is to move.
electromagnetic field
the force field surrounding an electromagnet
selective breeding
the human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits
neutralization reaction
the reaction of an acid and a base to form a neutral solution of water and a salt
rock cycle
the series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock
alveoli
tiny air sacs in the lungs