Cambridge Checkpoint Study Guide

Mrs. GREN

Movement Reproduction Sensitivity Growth Respiration Excretion Nutrition

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

earth's structure

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

antagonistic muscles

opposing sets of muscles that are required to move a leg or arm back and forth (triceps and biceps)

acid

pH of less than 7

capillaries

smallest blood vessels

species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

food chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten (The arrow points from the one eating to the one being eaten. This shows that the energy is being transferred to the one doing the eating!)

variation

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

Copernicus

Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe

insect

a class of small arthropod animals that has three separate sections to their bodies and six legs

carbonate

a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with CO3 Ex: NaCO3 Sodium Carbonate

sulfate

a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with SO4 Ex: CuSO4 Copper Sulfate

hydroxide

a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with an OH group Ex: KOH Potassium Hydroxide

chloride

a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with chlorine (Cl) Ex: NaCl Sodium Chloride

oxide

a mineral consisting of a metal element combined with oxygen Ex: CO2 Carbon Dioxide (Carbon belongs to the metals on the periodic table)

rust

a solid brown material formed when iron combines chemically with oxygen-this is an example of a chemical reaction that is NOT helpful (sometimes screws and nails are covered with a layer of plastic to keep them from rusting)

dispersion

a spreading or scattering or separating (white light into its component colors ROY G BIV)

mammal

a warm-blooded vertebrate with hair or fur and females produce milk to feed their young

base

alkaline, pH greater than 7

arthropod

an invertebrate that has an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages (An insect is an arthropod. An arachnid (spider) is also an arthropod.)

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Organization of living organisms

cells--->tissue--->organ--->tissue--->system

Moment

force x distance (If a wrench is being used to loosen a nut, the force is calculated by multiplying the force (N) by the length of the wrench (cm). The longer the wrench, the greater the Moments. Think of wedging a long stick under a boulder to move it. The longer the stick, the easier the boulder is to move.

electromagnetic field

the force field surrounding an electromagnet

selective breeding

the human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits

neutralization reaction

the reaction of an acid and a base to form a neutral solution of water and a salt

rock cycle

the series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock

alveoli

tiny air sacs in the lungs