Carbohydrate lecture 5
Pouches that form in the walls of the large intestine due to excessive exertion during defecation are called ________. diverticula phytobezoars ulcers hemorrhoids
diverticula
Treatment for reactive hypoglycemia includes ________. -taking supplements of vitamins and minerals -administering insulin before a meal -following a high-protein, high-fat diet -eating regular meals and snacks of protein and complex carbohydrates and avoiding excess simple sugar
eating regular meals and snacks of protein and complex carbohydrates and avoiding excess simple sugar
Food processors and manufacturers use amylopectins primarily to produce sauces and gravies for frozen foods because they ________. are sweet tasting are resistant to spoilage are easily digested form a stable starch gel
form a stable starch gel
In the production of alcoholic beverages, maltose is formed from cereal grains because of the ________. hydrolysis of simple sugars condensation of sugars fermentation of stachyose germination of grains
germination of grains
The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as protein, by a process referred to as ________. glycolysis glycogenesis ketosis gluconeogenesis
gluconeogenesis
The enzyme sucrase breaks down sucrose into ________. glucose + maltose glucose + fructose glucose + glucose lactic acid
glucose + fructose
List 3 monosaccharides.
glucose, fructose, galactose
While ________ suppresses gluconeogenesis, ________ increases glycogen breakdown. insulin; glucagon cortisol; glucagon insulin; glucose glucagon; insulin
insulin; glucagon
After carbohydrates are absorbed from the intestine, which of the following organs receives the absorbed carbohydrates first? brain pancreas kidneys liver
liver
During the inflammatory phase of diverticulitis, treatment includes antibiotics and a diet that is ________. higher in sugar lower in fiber higher in fiber lower in sugar
lower in fiber
Three important disaccharides are ________. lactose, fructose, and maltose sucrose, fructose, and glycogen maltose, sucrose, and lactose fructose, glucose, and galactose
maltose, sucrose, and lactose
All persons with diabetes ________. can skip meals if they don't feel hungry need to eat a diet that will control their blood sugar receive insulin injections daily should drink 4 glasses of milk daily to control their blood sugar
need to eat a diet that will control their blood sugar
Insulin is made in the ________. gallbladder liver pancreas small intestine
pancreas
Which of the following organs is the first to respond to a rise in blood glucose levels? gallbladder liver heart pancreas
pancreas
The sugar alcohol commonly used to sweeten chewing gum and candy is ________. sorbitol corn syrup dextrin invert sugar
sorbitol
Which combination of foods would be highest in complex carbohydrates? spaghetti with marinara sauce, broccoli, dinner roll, milk cola, potato chips, chicken-salad sandwich coffee, crisp bacon, fried egg, orange drink chipped beef and gravy
spaghetti with marinara sauce, broccoli, dinner roll, milk
List 3 disaccharides.
sucrose, maltose, lactose
Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________. brain cells the liver muscle tissue the pancreas
the liver
the most common type of diabetes mellitus is ________. type 2 diabetes type 1 diabetes gestational diabetes
type 2 diabetes
Which of the following is the best source of starch? low-fat yogurt dark leafy greens fresh blueberries whole-grain oats
whole-grain oats
Normal blood glucose levels range between ________. 125 and 140 mg per 100 ml 200 and 300 mg/dL 40 and 70 mg/dL 70 and 100 mg/dL
70 and 100 mg/dL
Individuals with lactose maldigestion can usually tolerate small amounts of ________. nonfat milk cheddar cheese yogurt All of these are often tolerated in small amounts.
All of these are often tolerated in small amounts.
Consuming more than 60 grams of fiber per day poses some health risks, such as ________. blockage of the intestinal tract decreased appetite in some individuals decreased mineral absorption due to chemical binding by the fiber All of these choices are accurate.
All of these choices are accurate.
After digestion and absorption, dietary carbohydrates may be ________. synthesized into fat used for energy converted to glycogen and stored in liver and muscle tissue All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
An increased fiber intake within recommended guidelines may ________. decrease risk of certain cancers decrease risk of diabetes lower blood lipid levels All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Ketosis may result from ________. untreated diabetes mellitus a diet of less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrate per day starvation All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
What foods do individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) need to avoid?
Individuals with the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU), which interferes with the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine, also should avoid aspartame because of its high phenylalanine content.
List 3 primary functions of carbohydrates.
Providing energy, sparing protein as an energy source, preventing ketosis
List 3 ways to decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Regular exercise, consuming lower glycemic index foods, weight control/maintain healthy weight, following the DGAs, regular screening if at risk
Indigestible carbohydrates play a role in enhancing blood glucose control. ( T or F)
True
Indigestible carbohydrates play a role in promoting bowel health and preventing obesity.
True
Maintaining one's ideal body weight is a good means of decreasing risk of type 2 diabetes. (T or F)
True
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. ( T or F)
True
Soluble dietary fibers have been shown to reduce serum cholesterol. ( T or F)
True
Sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol are nutritive sweeteners used in sugarless gum and candies. (T or F)
True
The focus on low-glycemic load foods can aid in the control of diabetes. (T or F)
True
The glycemic index is a ratio of the blood glucose response of a given food compared with a standard. (T or F)
True
Name 3 health benefits derived from increased dietary fiber intake.
When consumed in adequate quantities, these fibers have been shown to lower blood cholesterol levels and blood glucose levels, thereby reducing risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In addition, fiber can decrease intestinal transit time, thus reducing risks of constipation and diverticular disease. Also, increases feeling of fullness and reduces obesity risk, as well as potentially other cancers and chronic diseases related to digestive tract.
Amylose and amylopectin contain ________ bonds, which are responsible for the digestibility of these starches. gamma alpha alpha and beta beta
alpha
Glucose, galactose, and fructose ________. are monosaccharides are disaccharides are polysaccharides are soluble fibers
are monosaccharides
An adequate carbohydrate intake is important in preventing ketosis and sparing protein from use as an energy source. ( T or F)
True
Diabetic exchanges and carbohydrate counting are effective ways for diabetics to monitor daily carbohydrate intake. ( T or F)
True
The AI for fiber for women is ________. 38 g/day 25 g/day 15 g/day 45 g/day
25 g/day
A trade name for aspartame is ________. Sunette Splenda Naturlose Equal
Equal
Saliva contains an enzyme called maltase that aids in the breakdown of maltose in the mouth. (T or F)
False
Scientists have shown that eating a high sugar diet causes diabetes. (T or F)
False
Sucralose is a nutritive sweetener that is approximately the same sweetness as honey. (T or F)
False
Sucrose is made up of glucose + glucose. ( T or F)
False
The Atkins diet promotes a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet pattern. (T or F)
False
What does the term "functional fiber" mean?
Fiber added to foods that has shown to provide health benefit
________ is defined as fiber that is added to foods and provides health benefits. Functional fiber Dietary fiber Crude fiber Bulk
Functional fiber
Raffinose and stachyose are indigestible oligosaccharides found in foods such as ________. cereals and grains beans and other legumes fruits and vegetables milk and dairy products
beans and other legumes
Which of the following is classified as an insoluble fiber? pectin gums cellulose mucilage
cellulose
Which of the following population groups is at lowest risk of type 2 diabetes? adults over 45 years of age college students obese adults individuals of Hispanic heritage
college students
List 3 health concerns associated with a low-fiber diet.
constipation/GI irregularity, GI health problems, overweight/obesity, high sugar intake, excess calorie intake, insufficient micronutrient intake.
Much of the galactose in our diet is found in ________. dark green leafy vegetables high-fiber foods dairy products honey and table sugar
dairy products
Another name for glucose is ________. levulose maltose dextrose sorbitol
dextrose
When increasing fiber intake, always ________. use simple carbohydrates increase protein intake also increase fluids take a fiber supplement
increase fluids
The best type of fiber to eat for reducing constipation is ________. insoluble fiber crude fiber soluble fiber glycogen
insoluble fiber
An example of an oligosaccharide is ________. maltose glycogen raffinose galactose
raffinose