Carbohydrate lecture 5

Pouches that form in the walls of the large intestine due to excessive exertion during defecation are called ________. diverticula phytobezoars ulcers hemorrhoids

diverticula

Treatment for reactive hypoglycemia includes ________. -taking supplements of vitamins and minerals -administering insulin before a meal -following a high-protein, high-fat diet -eating regular meals and snacks of protein and complex carbohydrates and avoiding excess simple sugar

eating regular meals and snacks of protein and complex carbohydrates and avoiding excess simple sugar

Food processors and manufacturers use amylopectins primarily to produce sauces and gravies for frozen foods because they ________. are sweet tasting are resistant to spoilage are easily digested form a stable starch gel

form a stable starch gel

In the production of alcoholic beverages, maltose is formed from cereal grains because of the ________. hydrolysis of simple sugars condensation of sugars fermentation of stachyose germination of grains

germination of grains

The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as protein, by a process referred to as ________. glycolysis glycogenesis ketosis gluconeogenesis

gluconeogenesis

The enzyme sucrase breaks down sucrose into ________. glucose + maltose glucose + fructose glucose + glucose lactic acid

glucose + fructose

List 3 monosaccharides.

glucose, fructose, galactose

While ________ suppresses gluconeogenesis, ________ increases glycogen breakdown. insulin; glucagon cortisol; glucagon insulin; glucose glucagon; insulin

insulin; glucagon

After carbohydrates are absorbed from the intestine, which of the following organs receives the absorbed carbohydrates first? brain pancreas kidneys liver

liver

During the inflammatory phase of diverticulitis, treatment includes antibiotics and a diet that is ________. higher in sugar lower in fiber higher in fiber lower in sugar

lower in fiber

Three important disaccharides are ________. lactose, fructose, and maltose sucrose, fructose, and glycogen maltose, sucrose, and lactose fructose, glucose, and galactose

maltose, sucrose, and lactose

All persons with diabetes ________. can skip meals if they don't feel hungry need to eat a diet that will control their blood sugar receive insulin injections daily should drink 4 glasses of milk daily to control their blood sugar

need to eat a diet that will control their blood sugar

Insulin is made in the ________. gallbladder liver pancreas small intestine

pancreas

Which of the following organs is the first to respond to a rise in blood glucose levels? gallbladder liver heart pancreas

pancreas

The sugar alcohol commonly used to sweeten chewing gum and candy is ________. sorbitol corn syrup dextrin invert sugar

sorbitol

Which combination of foods would be highest in complex carbohydrates? spaghetti with marinara sauce, broccoli, dinner roll, milk cola, potato chips, chicken-salad sandwich coffee, crisp bacon, fried egg, orange drink chipped beef and gravy

spaghetti with marinara sauce, broccoli, dinner roll, milk

List 3 disaccharides.

sucrose, maltose, lactose

Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported to ________. brain cells the liver muscle tissue the pancreas

the liver

the most common type of diabetes mellitus is ________. type 2 diabetes type 1 diabetes gestational diabetes

type 2 diabetes

Which of the following is the best source of starch? low-fat yogurt dark leafy greens fresh blueberries whole-grain oats

whole-grain oats

Normal blood glucose levels range between ________. 125 and 140 mg per 100 ml 200 and 300 mg/dL 40 and 70 mg/dL 70 and 100 mg/dL

70 and 100 mg/dL

Individuals with lactose maldigestion can usually tolerate small amounts of ________. nonfat milk cheddar cheese yogurt All of these are often tolerated in small amounts.

All of these are often tolerated in small amounts.

Consuming more than 60 grams of fiber per day poses some health risks, such as ________. blockage of the intestinal tract decreased appetite in some individuals decreased mineral absorption due to chemical binding by the fiber All of these choices are accurate.

All of these choices are accurate.

After digestion and absorption, dietary carbohydrates may be ________. synthesized into fat used for energy converted to glycogen and stored in liver and muscle tissue All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

An increased fiber intake within recommended guidelines may ________. decrease risk of certain cancers decrease risk of diabetes lower blood lipid levels All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

Ketosis may result from ________. untreated diabetes mellitus a diet of less than 50-100 grams of carbohydrate per day starvation All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

What foods do individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) need to avoid?

Individuals with the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU), which interferes with the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine, also should avoid aspartame because of its high phenylalanine content.

List 3 primary functions of carbohydrates.

Providing energy, sparing protein as an energy source, preventing ketosis

List 3 ways to decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Regular exercise, consuming lower glycemic index foods, weight control/maintain healthy weight, following the DGAs, regular screening if at risk

Indigestible carbohydrates play a role in enhancing blood glucose control. ( T or F)

True

Indigestible carbohydrates play a role in promoting bowel health and preventing obesity.

True

Maintaining one's ideal body weight is a good means of decreasing risk of type 2 diabetes. (T or F)

True

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. ( T or F)

True

Soluble dietary fibers have been shown to reduce serum cholesterol. ( T or F)

True

Sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol are nutritive sweeteners used in sugarless gum and candies. (T or F)

True

The focus on low-glycemic load foods can aid in the control of diabetes. (T or F)

True

The glycemic index is a ratio of the blood glucose response of a given food compared with a standard. (T or F)

True

Name 3 health benefits derived from increased dietary fiber intake.

When consumed in adequate quantities, these fibers have been shown to lower blood cholesterol levels and blood glucose levels, thereby reducing risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In addition, fiber can decrease intestinal transit time, thus reducing risks of constipation and diverticular disease. Also, increases feeling of fullness and reduces obesity risk, as well as potentially other cancers and chronic diseases related to digestive tract.

Amylose and amylopectin contain ________ bonds, which are responsible for the digestibility of these starches. gamma alpha alpha and beta beta

alpha

Glucose, galactose, and fructose ________. are monosaccharides are disaccharides are polysaccharides are soluble fibers

are monosaccharides

An adequate carbohydrate intake is important in preventing ketosis and sparing protein from use as an energy source. ( T or F)

True

Diabetic exchanges and carbohydrate counting are effective ways for diabetics to monitor daily carbohydrate intake. ( T or F)

True

The AI for fiber for women is ________. 38 g/day 25 g/day 15 g/day 45 g/day

25 g/day

A trade name for aspartame is ________. Sunette Splenda Naturlose Equal

Equal

Saliva contains an enzyme called maltase that aids in the breakdown of maltose in the mouth. (T or F)

False

Scientists have shown that eating a high sugar diet causes diabetes. (T or F)

False

Sucralose is a nutritive sweetener that is approximately the same sweetness as honey. (T or F)

False

Sucrose is made up of glucose + glucose. ( T or F)

False

The Atkins diet promotes a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet pattern. (T or F)

False

What does the term "functional fiber" mean?

Fiber added to foods that has shown to provide health benefit

________ is defined as fiber that is added to foods and provides health benefits. Functional fiber Dietary fiber Crude fiber Bulk

Functional fiber

Raffinose and stachyose are indigestible oligosaccharides found in foods such as ________. cereals and grains beans and other legumes fruits and vegetables milk and dairy products

beans and other legumes

Which of the following is classified as an insoluble fiber? pectin gums cellulose mucilage

cellulose

Which of the following population groups is at lowest risk of type 2 diabetes? adults over 45 years of age college students obese adults individuals of Hispanic heritage

college students

List 3 health concerns associated with a low-fiber diet.

constipation/GI irregularity, GI health problems, overweight/obesity, high sugar intake, excess calorie intake, insufficient micronutrient intake.

Much of the galactose in our diet is found in ________. dark green leafy vegetables high-fiber foods dairy products honey and table sugar

dairy products

Another name for glucose is ________. levulose maltose dextrose sorbitol

dextrose

When increasing fiber intake, always ________. use simple carbohydrates increase protein intake also increase fluids take a fiber supplement

increase fluids

The best type of fiber to eat for reducing constipation is ________. insoluble fiber crude fiber soluble fiber glycogen

insoluble fiber

An example of an oligosaccharide is ________. maltose glycogen raffinose galactose

raffinose