carbohydrates

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what is a pheochromocytoma

a tumor of the adrenal medulla which causes hyperglycemia

how long does it take for complex sugars to get broken down and why

a while because they are held together in long complex chains

what three ketones are commonly detects

acetone, acetoacetic acid, and 3-B hydroxybutyric aicid

what do fatty acids get converted to to make energy

acetyl-CoA

what is the main substrate for fatty acid synthesis

acetyl-CoA

what can high levels of GH be associated with

acromegaly and hyperglycemia

what is the main substrate of protein synthesis

amino acids

what is the pre diabetic range for fasting plasma glucose

between 100 and 126

what is the OGTT values that represent pre diabetes

between 140 and 200 mg/dL

define lipolysis

breakdown of TAGS in adipose tissue

define glycolysis

breakdown of glucose to make ATP

define glycogenolysis

breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose

how does glucagon increase glucose levels

by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

define ketose

carbonyl group is in the middle of the molecule

define lipolysis

conversion of glucose to fat

what is the first step for all three pathways

convert glucose 6- phosphate via hexokinase

how much glycogen do you have stored in your body

enough for half a day of activity

pyruvate can be converted to Acetyl-CoA to aid in what

fatty acid synthesis or for energy in the TCA cycle

in starvation what gets used a fuel

fatty acids

what is the end product for fatty acid synthesis

fatty acids

what are the main substrates and end products for fatty acid oxidations

fatty acids acetyl-CoA, ATP, ketone bodies

what is HPL associated with

gestational diabetes

what are the 7 hormones that increase blood sugar levels

glucagon, ACTH, growth hormone, cortisol, human placental lactogen, epinephrin, T3 and T4

in the TCA cycle pyruvate can be converted to alanine to aid in what metabolic process

gluconeogenesis

in the TCA cycle pyruvate can be converted to lactate to aid in what metabolic process

gluconeogenesis

in the TCA cycle pyruvate can be converted to oxaloacetate to aid in what metabolic process

gluconeogenesis

what system does your body shift to when glycogen is depleted during fasting and sleep

gluconeogenesis

what is an example of a aldose

glucose

what is the end product of gluconeogenesis

glucose

what is the only molecule that is directly used for energy or stored as glycogen

glucose

whay is the main substrate of glycolysis and its end product

glucose pyruvate and ATP

what two sugars make up sucrose

glucose and fructose

what two sugars make up lactose

glucose and galactose

what two sugars make up maltose

glucose and glucose

what are three examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, and galactose

what is the main substrate for lipogenesis

glycerol and fatty acids

what is the main substrate for glycogenolysis and the main end product

glycogen glucose

what pathways occur to raise blood glucose levels

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis which is couples with lipolysis

what pathways occur to help lower blood glucose levels

glycolysis coupled with lipogenesis and glycogenesis

what tube do you use for glucose testing

grey

what two systems regulate blood sugar levels between meals

hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

what is the current enzymatic test done to measure glucose

hexokinase where NADPH is measured at 340nm

what are you insulin and glucagon levels in the fed state

high insulin, low glucagon

what two conditions are associated with cushings

hypercortisolism and hyperglycemia

when would you use a fructosamine test

if patients red cells die to quickly

what do lactate labs help show

if the pateint has severe acidosis or increased anaerobic metabolism

what hormone lowers blood sugar levels

insulin

what is the main substrate of gluconeogenesis

lactate, alanine, and glycerol

define ketogenesis

large amounts of acetyl-CoA from fatty acids get broken down making ketones

what are you insulin and glucagon levels in the fasting state

low insulin, high glucagon

what are three examples of disaccharides

maltose, lactose, and sucrose

define gluconeogenesis in depth

process of taking lactate, amino acids, and glycerol to make glucose using fatty acids as energy

what is the end product of protein synthesis

protein

what are the main substrates of proteolysis and the end end products

proteins amino acids and glucose

what is the main substrate for TCA cycle and its end products

pyruvate NADH, FADH2

what converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

pyruvate dehydrogenase

what enzymes help breakdown startch and glycogen

salivary and pancreatic amylase

what are two examples of polysacchardies

startch and glycogen

how does epi increase glucose levels

stimulates glycogenolysis

what can G-6-P be stored as and why

stored as glycogen for when the body has enough glucose

define aldose

terminal carbonyl group

what is the glucose oxidase test

test where H2O2 reacts with a chromogen in the presence of peroxidase to give a color change (urine dipstick tests)

define gluconeogenesis

the TCA cycle makes glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactate

where is ACTH made

the anterior pituitary gland and it will stimulate the release of cortisol

where does gluconeogenesis occur

the liver

define glycogenesis

the making of glycogen

define gluconeogenesis

the process of making glucose

what occurs when carbohydrates undergo glycolysis

they yield pyruvate which is converted to acetyl-CoA

what is the end goal of the pentose phosphate pathway

to make ribose and NADPH to prevent oxidation of red cells

when do you use C-peptide measurements

to measure endogenous insulin levels

when do you use microalbuminuria tests

to see if there is protein in the urine

what are the main substrates for lipolysis and the end products

triglycerides glycerol, fatty acids

what is the end product of lipogenesis

triglycerids

contrast the obesity in type 1 and type 2

type 1 : people are usually thin type 3: obesity is associated with

contrast the rate of DKA in type 1 and type 2

type 1: DKA is very common type 2: DKA is rare

contrast the insulin synthesis and quantity in type 1 and type 2 diabetes

type 1: destruction of beta cells, so low insulin type 2: insulin resistance, can be in any range

contrast the onset of type 1 and type 2 diabetes

type 1: kids type 2: adults

how long does it take for simple sugars to get broken down

very quickly, within the hour

what does the realease glucagon

when the alpha cells detect low blood glucose levels

when does lipolysis get increased

when you need more glycerol for glucose and fatty acids

what specimen do you use for A1C testing

whole blood from an EDTA tube

what is the glucose renal threshold

180 mg/dL if this exceeds glucose will spill over into the urine

in anerobic glycolysis how many ATP are made

2

during aerobic glycolysis how many ATP molecules are made

32

when your blood sugar levels drop below what level can they cause coma or death

45 mg/dL

what is the clinical range for hypoglyccemia

50-55 mg/dL

what HgbA1C value is diagnostic of diabetes

6.5% and above

what is the normal CSF range of flcuose

60% of the plasma level

how long should you fast before running glucose labs

8-10 hours

what fasting flasma glucose value representes diabetes

>126 mg/dL

wgat is the 2-hr plasma glucose vlaue that is diagnostic for diabetes

>200 mg/dL

what conformation are sugars usually in

D form

what are the main substrates for the pentose phosphate pathway and the end product

G-G-P NADPH, ribose, phosphate


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