Carbohydrates
What is the general formula of sugars?
(CH2O)n where n= the number of carbons
How are monosaccharides used in cells?
serve as fuel for cells and used to build structure
What is glucose?
simple sugar made by plants
What are monosaccharides?
simple sugars
How are cows able to digest cellulose?
special bacteria in gut
What are the three most common polysaccharides?
starch, glycogen, and cellulose (all linear glucose)
Where are starch, glycogen, and cellulose found?
starch: plants glycogen: animals' livers cellulose: plants and animals (wood, cable, dietary fiber in animals, cell wall of plants)
What are the functions of starch, glycogen, and cellulose?
starch: stored as energy glycogen: stored as energy cellulose: dietary fiber in animals and makes up cell walls of plants
What are isomers?
structures are different but the chemical formula is the same ex: fructose, glucose, and galactose
What are three common disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, and maltose
What are the three disaccharides?
sucrose: glucose and fructose maltose: 2 glucose molecules lactose: galactose and glucose
What is fructose?
sugar found in fruits
What does aqueous mean?
watery
What are 3 monosaccharides?
hexose, pentose, triose
What is the ending of most sugars?
-ose
What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in carbs?
2 hydrogens for one oxygen
What are two common monosaccharides and their molecular formula?
Hexose: C6H12O5 Pentose: C5H10O5
What is chitin?
Monomer: glucose and non-sugar nitrogenous containing molecule Function: used for structure in cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects
What functional group makes carbohydrates hydrophilic?
OH (hydroxyl)
What are polysaccharides?
complex carbohydrate chains made of chains of polymers
What is chitin similar to?
cellulose
What molecule cannot be hydrolyzed by the digestive system of most animals?
cellulose
What is a disaccharide?
double sugar
What happens to monosaccharides when they are put into aqueous solutions inside cells?
form ring structures
What foods contain lots of carbs?
fruit, grains, soda
What are glycogen, starch, and cellulose's monomers?
glucose
What would you get if you hydrolyze sucrose?
glucose and fructose
Hexose
glucose, fructose, galactose C6H12O6 (called hexose because they have 6 carbons)
Are carbohydrates generally hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophilic
What two functional groups are found in monosaccharides?
hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (C=O)
What is galactose?
known as "milk sugar"
How are disaccharides formed and what is the bond called?
linking to monosaccharides together by removing a water molecule bond: glycosidic
What is chitin derived from?
non-sugar nitrogen containing molecule
What types of atoms make up carbs?
oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms
What are some starchy foods?
potatoes, rice, wheat
Pentose
ribose and deoxyribose C5H10O5
