Carbohydrates - Nutrition Counselling for the Dental Hygienist

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Which monosaccharide is the sweetest of all sugars? Where are 2 food sources? What happens to it in the body?

1) Fructose 2) Fruit and honey 3) Converted to glucose by the body via breakdown of sucrose

Which monosaccharide is milk sugar? What happens to it in the body?

1) Galactose 2) Converted in the body to glucose by digestion of lactose; produced from glucose during lactation

Which monosaccharide is blood sugar? What is its function & where is it stored? What is it converted to if the body does not need it for energy?

1) Glucose 2) Supplies energy to the body 3) Stored in blood as glucose & in liver/muscles as glycogen 4) Converted to fat if not needed for energy

What is the storage form of glucose in the body called? Where is it stored? What is its function in each of these two areas of the body?

1) Glycogen 2) Store in liver and muscles 3) Liver glycogen: maintains blood glucose levels Muscle glycogen: quick supply of energy for muscles

Which disaccharide is not found in food? How is it created? Which two monosaccharides is it made of?

1) Maltose is created when larger carbohydrates are broken down during digestion 2) Bread making, beer brewing 3) Glucose + glucose = maltose

What is the recommended daily intake of carbohydrate and fiber?

1) More than half of an adults daily food intake 2) 25-35g

Four other functions of carbohydrates

1) Spare protein so that it is not used for energy (glucose used instead) 2) Provide bulk 3) Satiety 4) Fat metabolism - Oxidation of fats requires carbohydrate

Which complex carbohydrate is the storage form of energy in plants? List 2 types? What is another name for this complex carbohydrate?

1) Starch 2) Cereals, roots, vegetables, legumes 3) Dextrose

Which disaccharide is table sugar? Which 2 monosaccharides make it up? State 2 food sources

1) Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose 2) Cane sugar, sugar beets

Polysaccharides

Oligosaccharides, starch, glycogen, fibre

What enzyme is the first one to act on starch?

Salivary amylase

Nutritional classification of carbohydrates

Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates

Two ways to classify carbohydrates

Simple or complex

Simple sugars or complex carbohydrates?: polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, starch, glycogen, and fibre

Simple sugars

Monosaccharides

Simplest carbohydrates; Absorbed without further digestion; Glucose, fructose and galactose (6 carbon atoms; hexose)

What four things are polysaccharides high in?

Vitamins, minerals, fibre, water

% of diet that should be simple sugars

Less than 20%

Fructose

(levulose) - Sweetest - Fruit and honey - Converted to glucose by the body via breakdown of sucrose

Oligosaccharides

- 3-10 molecules of sugar - Legumes (beans) - Pass through stomach indigested into intestine - In intestine, bacteria feed on them and cause gas

Insoluble Fiber

- Cellulose and lignin (Seeds, vegetables, whole grains, wheat bran)

Galactose

- Converted in the body to glucose by digestion of lactose - Produced from glucose during lactation - Not found in food

Soluble Fiber

- Gums, mucilage, pectin, hemicellulose (in fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, oats, apples, berries)

Blood glucose homeostasis

- Insulin decreases blood sugar (take sugar out of the blood, and into the cells for use) - Glucagon increases blood sugar (converts glycogen from the liver to glucose and releases it into the blood)

Digestion of mono & di-saccharides

- Monosaccharides are absorbed in the small intestine - Disaccharides must be broken down to monosaccharides

Resistant starch

- Not digested - Trap water and add bulk to the stool - Under-ripe bananas, navy beans, lentils, barley, whole grain breads

Primary role of carbohydrates

- Supply the body with energy - Maintain blood glucose levels - Support brain/nervous system function - Only energy source for red blood

What are oligosaccharides? In what food are they found? What happens to them in the body?

1) Usually found in legumes (beans) 2) Pass through stomach indigested into intestine, in intestine, bacteria feed on them and cause gas BEANS, BEANS THE MUSICAL FRUIT...

Describe the digestion of sucrose, maltose, lactose

1) broken down by sucrase into glucose and fructose 2) broken down by maltase into two glucose units 3) broken down by lactase into glucose and galactose

Fiber reccommended daily intake

25g - women 38g - men

% of diet that should be carbohydrate

55-65%

Maltose

= Glucose + Glucose

Which disaccharide is milk sugar? Which two monosaccharides is it made of?

= Glucose + galactose

Types of sugar alcohols

AKA polyols • Sorbitol • Xylitol • Mannitol

Complex carbohydrates

AKA polysaccharides

Which food groups contribute to carbohydrates

All food groups except fats & oils, and meat, poultry and fish without breading or added ingredients

Which body parts depend on glucose?

Brain

Which body part uses glucose as its primary energy source?

Brain cells

Disaccharides

Cannot be metabolized by the body; Sucrose, lactose and maltose; 2 molecules of sugar (12 carbon atoms)

3 Elements found in carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen C6H12O6

Classification of carbohydrates

Chemical and nutritional

Digestion of starch

Complex carbohydrates are broken down into dextrin molecules until the end product, glucose, is absorbed.

Side effect of sugar alcohols

Diarrhea

Drawback of very high fibre diets

Diarrhea or constipation (if not enough fluids)

T/F: Fiber is digested

False

T/F: Natural sugars are healthier

False

T/F: Sugar causes diabetes

False

T/F: Sugar causes hyperactivity

False

T/F: Sugar will make you fat

False

Soluble fibre solubility, food sources & functions

Functions: - Texture - Satiety - Stabilizes blood sugar - Lowers cholesterol Found in: fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, oats, apples, berries

Ketosis

Incomplete oxidation of fats; raised levels of ketone bodies in the body, associated with abnormal fat metabolism and diabetes mellitus.

Chemical classification of carbohydrates

Mono, di, oligo, poly -saccharides

Simple sugars

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Where does digestion of starch begin?

Mouth

Simple sugars or polysaccharides?: whole grains, rice, cereals, pasta, legumes, fruits, veggies

Polysaccharides

Which are more nutritious, simple carbohydrates or polysaccharides(complex carbohydrates)?

Polysaccharides

Which body cells can only use glucose for energy?

Red blood cells

Where does most starch digestion occur?

Small intestine

What are the two classes of fiber?

Soluble and insoluble

Glycogen

Storage form of carbohydrates in animals - Stored in muscle and liver

List 3 Disaccharides

Sucrose, lactose and maltose

Are fruits and vegetables simple sugars or complex carbohydrates?

They are complex carbohydrates

True or false? Sugar sweetened juices are simple sugars, while 100% juices are not?

True


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