Carbohydrates - Nutrition Counselling for the Dental Hygienist
Which monosaccharide is the sweetest of all sugars? Where are 2 food sources? What happens to it in the body?
1) Fructose 2) Fruit and honey 3) Converted to glucose by the body via breakdown of sucrose
Which monosaccharide is milk sugar? What happens to it in the body?
1) Galactose 2) Converted in the body to glucose by digestion of lactose; produced from glucose during lactation
Which monosaccharide is blood sugar? What is its function & where is it stored? What is it converted to if the body does not need it for energy?
1) Glucose 2) Supplies energy to the body 3) Stored in blood as glucose & in liver/muscles as glycogen 4) Converted to fat if not needed for energy
What is the storage form of glucose in the body called? Where is it stored? What is its function in each of these two areas of the body?
1) Glycogen 2) Store in liver and muscles 3) Liver glycogen: maintains blood glucose levels Muscle glycogen: quick supply of energy for muscles
Which disaccharide is not found in food? How is it created? Which two monosaccharides is it made of?
1) Maltose is created when larger carbohydrates are broken down during digestion 2) Bread making, beer brewing 3) Glucose + glucose = maltose
What is the recommended daily intake of carbohydrate and fiber?
1) More than half of an adults daily food intake 2) 25-35g
Four other functions of carbohydrates
1) Spare protein so that it is not used for energy (glucose used instead) 2) Provide bulk 3) Satiety 4) Fat metabolism - Oxidation of fats requires carbohydrate
Which complex carbohydrate is the storage form of energy in plants? List 2 types? What is another name for this complex carbohydrate?
1) Starch 2) Cereals, roots, vegetables, legumes 3) Dextrose
Which disaccharide is table sugar? Which 2 monosaccharides make it up? State 2 food sources
1) Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose 2) Cane sugar, sugar beets
Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharides, starch, glycogen, fibre
What enzyme is the first one to act on starch?
Salivary amylase
Nutritional classification of carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates
Two ways to classify carbohydrates
Simple or complex
Simple sugars or complex carbohydrates?: polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, starch, glycogen, and fibre
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides
Simplest carbohydrates; Absorbed without further digestion; Glucose, fructose and galactose (6 carbon atoms; hexose)
What four things are polysaccharides high in?
Vitamins, minerals, fibre, water
% of diet that should be simple sugars
Less than 20%
Fructose
(levulose) - Sweetest - Fruit and honey - Converted to glucose by the body via breakdown of sucrose
Oligosaccharides
- 3-10 molecules of sugar - Legumes (beans) - Pass through stomach indigested into intestine - In intestine, bacteria feed on them and cause gas
Insoluble Fiber
- Cellulose and lignin (Seeds, vegetables, whole grains, wheat bran)
Galactose
- Converted in the body to glucose by digestion of lactose - Produced from glucose during lactation - Not found in food
Soluble Fiber
- Gums, mucilage, pectin, hemicellulose (in fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, oats, apples, berries)
Blood glucose homeostasis
- Insulin decreases blood sugar (take sugar out of the blood, and into the cells for use) - Glucagon increases blood sugar (converts glycogen from the liver to glucose and releases it into the blood)
Digestion of mono & di-saccharides
- Monosaccharides are absorbed in the small intestine - Disaccharides must be broken down to monosaccharides
Resistant starch
- Not digested - Trap water and add bulk to the stool - Under-ripe bananas, navy beans, lentils, barley, whole grain breads
Primary role of carbohydrates
- Supply the body with energy - Maintain blood glucose levels - Support brain/nervous system function - Only energy source for red blood
What are oligosaccharides? In what food are they found? What happens to them in the body?
1) Usually found in legumes (beans) 2) Pass through stomach indigested into intestine, in intestine, bacteria feed on them and cause gas BEANS, BEANS THE MUSICAL FRUIT...
Describe the digestion of sucrose, maltose, lactose
1) broken down by sucrase into glucose and fructose 2) broken down by maltase into two glucose units 3) broken down by lactase into glucose and galactose
Fiber reccommended daily intake
25g - women 38g - men
% of diet that should be carbohydrate
55-65%
Maltose
= Glucose + Glucose
Which disaccharide is milk sugar? Which two monosaccharides is it made of?
= Glucose + galactose
Types of sugar alcohols
AKA polyols • Sorbitol • Xylitol • Mannitol
Complex carbohydrates
AKA polysaccharides
Which food groups contribute to carbohydrates
All food groups except fats & oils, and meat, poultry and fish without breading or added ingredients
Which body parts depend on glucose?
Brain
Which body part uses glucose as its primary energy source?
Brain cells
Disaccharides
Cannot be metabolized by the body; Sucrose, lactose and maltose; 2 molecules of sugar (12 carbon atoms)
3 Elements found in carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen C6H12O6
Classification of carbohydrates
Chemical and nutritional
Digestion of starch
Complex carbohydrates are broken down into dextrin molecules until the end product, glucose, is absorbed.
Side effect of sugar alcohols
Diarrhea
Drawback of very high fibre diets
Diarrhea or constipation (if not enough fluids)
T/F: Fiber is digested
False
T/F: Natural sugars are healthier
False
T/F: Sugar causes diabetes
False
T/F: Sugar causes hyperactivity
False
T/F: Sugar will make you fat
False
Soluble fibre solubility, food sources & functions
Functions: - Texture - Satiety - Stabilizes blood sugar - Lowers cholesterol Found in: fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, oats, apples, berries
Ketosis
Incomplete oxidation of fats; raised levels of ketone bodies in the body, associated with abnormal fat metabolism and diabetes mellitus.
Chemical classification of carbohydrates
Mono, di, oligo, poly -saccharides
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
Where does digestion of starch begin?
Mouth
Simple sugars or polysaccharides?: whole grains, rice, cereals, pasta, legumes, fruits, veggies
Polysaccharides
Which are more nutritious, simple carbohydrates or polysaccharides(complex carbohydrates)?
Polysaccharides
Which body cells can only use glucose for energy?
Red blood cells
Where does most starch digestion occur?
Small intestine
What are the two classes of fiber?
Soluble and insoluble
Glycogen
Storage form of carbohydrates in animals - Stored in muscle and liver
List 3 Disaccharides
Sucrose, lactose and maltose
Are fruits and vegetables simple sugars or complex carbohydrates?
They are complex carbohydrates
True or false? Sugar sweetened juices are simple sugars, while 100% juices are not?
True
