Cardio and lymph

What are the "Chordae tendineae"?

(Aka) "Heart String"-cord like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the tricuspid valve to the mitral valve in the heart.

Which vein returns blood to the heart?

-Superior Vena Cava-returns deoxygenated blood from the upper portion of the body -Inferior Vena Cava-returns blood to the heart from the lower portion of the body These are the two largest veins in the body

Explain the cardiac cycle?

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Where the blood is comming from?

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Which Blood type can receive Blood Type from any Donor?

AB

What blood type is the universal recipient?

AB Blood type is considered to be the universal recipient because it has both A and B antibodies on the cell surface.

Where is Erythropoietin released?

Erythropoietin is released by the kidneys and then carried to the bone marrow.

What is Interferon?

Interferon is a type of T-cell lymphocyte that is produced in response to the presence of an antigen, particularly viruses and tumor cells. Interferons activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses.

What separates the right from the left side of the heart?

Interventricular Septum

Which side receives oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

Left side receives Oxygenated blood from the Pulmonary Veins. The Right side receives deoxygenated blood from the body

What blood type is the universal donor? Explain.

O blood type is considered to be the Universal donor because of the absence of any antybodies on the surface.

What is the heart's pacemaker called?

SA Node (Sinoatrial Node): It regulates the rate and the rhythm of the heart beat. It is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava. Electrical impulses from the SA node start each wave of muscle contraction in the heart.

What is the Dubb sound?

The second sound Short duration, sharp sound Heard when the semilunar valves close

Irritability

the ability of the heart to respond to a stimulus the same way that nerve cells do

What are all the possible blood types?

-A -B -AB -O

Unique ability of the heart to contract independently, what is it called?

-Automaticity-The heart's inherent ability to contract independently in a rhytmic pattern. -Irritability-The ability of the heart to respond to a stimulus the same way that nerve cells do. Irritability and Automaticity are two characteristics that affect the functions of the conduction system.

List all the layers of the heart and their functions?

-Pericardium: outer layer of the heart -Myocardium: forms the bulk of the heart and it is the thickest,strongest layer. composed of cardiac muscle tissue which contraction is responsible for pumping blood. -Endocardium: innermost layer composed of connective tissue. This structure lines the interior of the heart, the valves, and the larger vessels of the heart.

Function of the Basophils?

A type of WBC's that are essential to the nonspecific immune response because they release Histamine during tissue damage or invasion. They have cytoplasmic granules that contain serotonin,histamine and heparin. Basophils play a key role in Allergic and Inflammatory reactions.

What are the Thrombocytes?

Aka Platelets which are a blood component responsible for the clotting of the blood. Platelets are the smallest cells in the blood and have a life span of 5-9days. They are produced in the red bone marrow and have a role in the process of Hemostasis (the preventing of blood loss by forming clots).

What is the smaller portion of the arteries called?

Arterioles

Where the T-cells mature at?

At the Thymus Gland which releases a hormone that stimulates the maturation of the T-cells.

Where the lymph is returned to the systemic circulation?

At the base of the neck. Right lymphatic duct: (Collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm. The Right Lymphatic Duct empties into the Right Subclavian Vein.) Thoracic Duct: (Largest lymphatic vessel in the bodycollects lymph form the left side of the head and neck, upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk and both legs. It empties into the Left Subclavian Vein.)

Other name for the Mitral Valve?

Bicuspid valve which is located between the left ventricle and the left atrium.

What substances can not go directly to the blood stream,but has to go to the lymphatic first?

Fats and Fat-soluble vitamins via the lacteals.

Define Hematocrit and Hemoglobin?

Hematocrit-a laboratory test that measures the packed cell volume of the RBC's expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume Hemoglobin-It is the Oxygen carrying blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes

What are the components of the WBC's?

Leukocytes are the cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign bodies. The Components of the WBC's are: Granulocytes: -Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils Nongranulocytes: -Lymphocytes -Monocytes The Test is called Differential white blood cell count.

What are the Lymphatic Capillaries?

Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness. separate briefly to allow the lymph to enter the capillary. Then the action of the cells as they close forces the lymph to flow upward and forward.

What is SBP?

Systolic blood pressure; Contraction Top number of BP Systole means to contract. The BP is a measurement of the pressure against the walls of the blood vessels.

What is the membrane that surrounds the heart?

The Pericardium-a two layered serous membrane that covers the entire structure. Between the two thin membranes is a serous fluid-the pericardial fluid which acts as a lubricant to prevent friction as the heart beats.

What is the Lubb sound?

The first sound Long duration and low pitch Heard when the AV valves (mitral valve, bicuspid valve) close

What is the Lymphatic system?

1.Maintenance of fluid balance 2.Absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins through the lacteals of the small intestine. 3.Production of lymphocytes (removal of waste products and immune response). 4.Return filtered lymph to the veins at the base of the neck.

What is DBP?

Diastolic blood pressure; Relaxation Bottom number of BP Is the relaxation of the Left Ventricle and the time between two beats. The diastolic BP indicates the pressure against the walls of the arteries when the heart is relaxed.

Where are the Monocytes made?

Red Bone Marrow, The Spleen and the Lymph Nodes. Monocytes are nongranulocytes (WBC's) that provide immunological defense against many infections via the process of phagocytosis. second to arrive at the scene of an injury. useful in removing dead bacteria and cells in the recovery stage from an acute bacterial infection.

Where are Erythrocytes made at?

Red Bone Marrow-Erythropoiesis is released by the kidneys which gives a signal to the Red Bone Marrow to make RBC's. When the amount of oxygen in the blood stream is decreased, it trigers the release of erythropoietin in the kidneys, which then triggers the bone marrow to make more RBC's.

Which Blood Type is the Universal Donor?

Type O

What are the Eosinophils?

WBC's-Granulocytes that play role in allergic reaction and are effective against certain parasitic worms.