Cardiovascular System

There are ________ pulmonary veins.

4

Define cardiac regurgitation. (Module 18.7A)

Cardiac regurgitation is the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract.

Why can cardiac tamponade be a life-threatening condition? (Module 18.2C)

Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because accumulating fluid in the pericardial cavity restricts heart movement

Which structures collect blood from the myocardium, and into which heart chamber does this blood flow? (Module 18.4B)

Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium.

Describe what happens to blood flow during elastic rebound. (Module 18.5D)

Elastic rebound is when blood in the aorta is driven forward into the systemic circuit, some is forced back toward the left ventricle and into the coronary arteries.

Given the description of Tran's varicose veins, what is the name of one of the affected vessels in his legs?

Great Saphenous Vein

The portion of the tracing of an electrocardiogram, ECG, that represents ventricular depolarization is the __________.

QRS complex

What do semilunar valves prevent? (Module 18.7C)

Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.

Compare the anterior cardiac veins to the posterior vein of the left ventricle. (Module 18.5B)

The anterior cardiac veins drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empty into the right atrium; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the area supplied by the circumflex artery (posterior surface of the left ventricle).

Compare the base of the heart with the apex. (Module 18.1B)

The base of the heart is the superior portion where the largest veins and arteries are attached. The apex of the heart is located on the inferior aspect of the heart.

The earlike extension of the atrium is the

auricle

The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the

base

What structure of the heart contains the largest veins and arteries?

base

The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located

between the left atrium and left ventricle

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.

bicuspid

When the ventricles contract, what pushes the cusps of the AV together, closing them to prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria?

blood from inside the ventricles

Which valve(s) close(s) during ventricular contraction?

both AV valves

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of

cardiac muscle cells

The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as

cardiac tamponade.

The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to

chordae tendineae.

Which artery curves to the left around the coronary sulcus, eventually meeting and fusing with small branches of the right coronary artery?

circumflex artery

The function of the atrium is to

collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.

coronary

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by

coronary arteries

The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the

coronary sinus

Which exterior heart structure returns "used" blood collected from the heart muscle itself (myocardium) back into the flow of blood to be delivered to the pulmonary circuit?

coronary sinus

When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber

decreases

When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base

decreases

The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium.

endocardium

The visceral pericardium is the same as the

epicardium

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the

heart

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow

in one direction only

Which description correctly describes the location of the heart?

in the mediastinum, superior to the diaphragm

David suffers from a prolapsed mitral valve. This condition would cause

increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation.

The ________ separate(s) the two atria.

interatrial septum

The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles.

interventricular septum

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

left atrium

Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs?

left atrium

Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

left atrium

The left border of the heart is formed by the

left atrium and left ventricle.

Name the four chambers of the heart. (Module 18.1C)

left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

Blood is supplied to the left atrium by the

left coronary artery

The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the

left coronary artery

Which vessel(s) supplies/supply the left ventricle, left atrium, and the interventricular septum?

left coronary artery

Most of the mass of the heart lies to the ________ the midline.

left of

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?

left ventricle

The ________ has a greater workload than the ________.

left ventricle; right ventricle

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

lungs

The coronary sulcus is a groove that

marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

Cardiac muscle cells are __________.

mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another

Which option describes the location of the heart?

mediastinum

The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea and esophagus is called the

mediastinum.

Which structure provides a rapid-conduction path that tenses the papillary muscles before the ventricular myocardium contracts, preventing "slamming" of the right AV cusps?

moderator band

The muscle layer of the heart is the

myocardium

The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain all of the following except

none of the following are correct

When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then

open

What structure is immediately deep to the fibrous pericardium?

parietal pericardium

The cavity that contains only the heart is the

pericardial cavity.

From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall. (Module 18.3A)

pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

Contractions of the papillary muscles

prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.

Damage to the semilunar valve on the right side of the heart would affect blood flow to which vessel? (Module 18.6B)

pulmonary trunk

As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.

pulmonary valve

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the

pulmonary valve

Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in any of the following except

pulmonary valve stenosis

The right atrium receives blood from all of the following except the

pulmonary veins

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it

pumps a greater volume

If a patient's tricuspid valve was leaking during systole, what would happen?

regurgitation back into the right atrium

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

right and left lungs

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

right atrium

Coronary veins empty into the

right atrium

Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?

right atrium

The anterior view of the heart is dominated by which chambers? (Module 18.4A)

right atrium and right ventricle

The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium

right coronary artery and left coronary artery

The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the

right coronary artery.

The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the

right ventricle

The wall(s) of the ________ rest(s) on the diaphragm.

right ventricle

Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?

right ventricle

Identify the correct sequence for blood flow through the heart.

right ventricle, through pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries

The cavity that contains the lungs, the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea is called the

thoracic cavity

Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called

trabeculae carneae.

Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve

tricuspid

The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?

two pumps

Veins are more prone to inappropriate stretching and twisting than arteries, because

veins have thinner walls than arteries

What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?

venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta 513782246

An equivalent term for epicardium is

visceral pericardium

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

aorta

The inferior point of the heart is called the

apex

Which of the following descriptions matches the phrase "near the left fifth intercostal space"?

apex of heart

Compare the volume of blood each circuit receives from contraction of the ventricles. (Module 18.1D)

Both circuits receive the same volume of blood.

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the cardiac cycle?

In late ventricular diastole, all chambers are relaxed and filling to about seventy percent of their capacity.

Describe the location and position of the heart. (Module 18.1A)

The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum.

Describe the heart's location in the body. (Module 18.2B)

The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum and superior to the diaphragm

Comparing the left ventricle with the right ventricle, which of the following is true?

The left ventricle does more work than the right ventricle.

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? (Module 18.6A)

The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit.

Define mediastinum. (Module 18.2A)

The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural cavities that contains the heart, along with the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea

Describe the areas of the heart supplied by the right and left coronary arteries. (Module 18.5A)

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the conducting system. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum.

How would properly functioning valves prevent varicose veins?

Valves prevent backward flow of blood

Intercalated discs serve to transfer all of the following from cell to cell except

Z-lines

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries that causes coronary ischemia?

a stent

What superficial landmark identifies the boundary between the left and right ventricles?

anterior interventricular sulcus