Cardiovascular System
There are ________ pulmonary veins.
4
Define cardiac regurgitation. (Module 18.7A)
Cardiac regurgitation is the backflow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract.
Why can cardiac tamponade be a life-threatening condition? (Module 18.2C)
Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because accumulating fluid in the pericardial cavity restricts heart movement
Which structures collect blood from the myocardium, and into which heart chamber does this blood flow? (Module 18.4B)
Coronary veins collect blood from the myocardium and carry it to the right atrium.
Describe what happens to blood flow during elastic rebound. (Module 18.5D)
Elastic rebound is when blood in the aorta is driven forward into the systemic circuit, some is forced back toward the left ventricle and into the coronary arteries.
Given the description of Tran's varicose veins, what is the name of one of the affected vessels in his legs?
Great Saphenous Vein
The portion of the tracing of an electrocardiogram, ECG, that represents ventricular depolarization is the __________.
QRS complex
What do semilunar valves prevent? (Module 18.7C)
Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.
Compare the anterior cardiac veins to the posterior vein of the left ventricle. (Module 18.5B)
The anterior cardiac veins drain the anterior surface of the right ventricle and empty into the right atrium; the posterior vein of left ventricle drains the area supplied by the circumflex artery (posterior surface of the left ventricle).
Compare the base of the heart with the apex. (Module 18.1B)
The base of the heart is the superior portion where the largest veins and arteries are attached. The apex of the heart is located on the inferior aspect of the heart.
The earlike extension of the atrium is the
auricle
The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the
base
What structure of the heart contains the largest veins and arteries?
base
The bicuspid, or mitral, valve is located
between the left atrium and left ventricle
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.
bicuspid
When the ventricles contract, what pushes the cusps of the AV together, closing them to prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria?
blood from inside the ventricles
Which valve(s) close(s) during ventricular contraction?
both AV valves
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of
cardiac muscle cells
The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as
cardiac tamponade.
The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to
chordae tendineae.
Which artery curves to the left around the coronary sulcus, eventually meeting and fusing with small branches of the right coronary artery?
circumflex artery
The function of the atrium is to
collect blood and pump blood to the ventricle
The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries.
coronary
Blood is supplied to the myocardium by
coronary arteries
The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the
coronary sinus
Which exterior heart structure returns "used" blood collected from the heart muscle itself (myocardium) back into the flow of blood to be delivered to the pulmonary circuit?
coronary sinus
When the left ventricle contracts, the diameter of the ventricular chamber
decreases
When the left ventricle contracts, the distance from the apex to the base
decreases
The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium.
endocardium
The visceral pericardium is the same as the
epicardium
The pulmonary veins carry blood to the
heart
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow
in one direction only
Which description correctly describes the location of the heart?
in the mediastinum, superior to the diaphragm
David suffers from a prolapsed mitral valve. This condition would cause
increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation.
The ________ separate(s) the two atria.
interatrial septum
The ________ separate(s) the two ventricles.
interventricular septum
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs?
left atrium
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
The left border of the heart is formed by the
left atrium and left ventricle.
Name the four chambers of the heart. (Module 18.1C)
left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
Blood is supplied to the left atrium by the
left coronary artery
The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the
left coronary artery
Which vessel(s) supplies/supply the left ventricle, left atrium, and the interventricular septum?
left coronary artery
Most of the mass of the heart lies to the ________ the midline.
left of
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
The ________ has a greater workload than the ________.
left ventricle; right ventricle
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
The coronary sulcus is a groove that
marks the border between the atria and ventricles.
Cardiac muscle cells are __________.
mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another
Which option describes the location of the heart?
mediastinum
The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea and esophagus is called the
mediastinum.
Which structure provides a rapid-conduction path that tenses the papillary muscles before the ventricular myocardium contracts, preventing "slamming" of the right AV cusps?
moderator band
The muscle layer of the heart is the
myocardium
The interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus contain all of the following except
none of the following are correct
When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then
open
What structure is immediately deep to the fibrous pericardium?
parietal pericardium
The cavity that contains only the heart is the
pericardial cavity.
From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall. (Module 18.3A)
pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
Contractions of the papillary muscles
prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.
Damage to the semilunar valve on the right side of the heart would affect blood flow to which vessel? (Module 18.6B)
pulmonary trunk
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary valve
Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the
pulmonary valve
Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in any of the following except
pulmonary valve stenosis
The right atrium receives blood from all of the following except the
pulmonary veins
Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it
pumps a greater volume
If a patient's tricuspid valve was leaking during systole, what would happen?
regurgitation back into the right atrium
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
right and left lungs
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
right atrium
Coronary veins empty into the
right atrium
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
The anterior view of the heart is dominated by which chambers? (Module 18.4A)
right atrium and right ventricle
The ________ deliver(s) blood to the myocardium
right coronary artery and left coronary artery
The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the
right coronary artery.
The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backward flow into the
right ventricle
The wall(s) of the ________ rest(s) on the diaphragm.
right ventricle
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
Identify the correct sequence for blood flow through the heart.
right ventricle, through pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries
The cavity that contains the lungs, the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea is called the
thoracic cavity
Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called
trabeculae carneae.
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve
tricuspid
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two pumps
Veins are more prone to inappropriate stretching and twisting than arteries, because
veins have thinner walls than arteries
What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
venae cavae, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta 513782246
An equivalent term for epicardium is
visceral pericardium
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
aorta
The inferior point of the heart is called the
apex
Which of the following descriptions matches the phrase "near the left fifth intercostal space"?
apex of heart
Compare the volume of blood each circuit receives from contraction of the ventricles. (Module 18.1D)
Both circuits receive the same volume of blood.
Which of the following statements is correct concerning the cardiac cycle?
In late ventricular diastole, all chambers are relaxed and filling to about seventy percent of their capacity.
Describe the location and position of the heart. (Module 18.1A)
The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum.
Describe the heart's location in the body. (Module 18.2B)
The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the anterior mediastinum, deep to the sternum and superior to the diaphragm
Comparing the left ventricle with the right ventricle, which of the following is true?
The left ventricle does more work than the right ventricle.
Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? (Module 18.6A)
The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit.
Define mediastinum. (Module 18.2A)
The mediastinum is the region between the two pleural cavities that contains the heart, along with the great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea
Describe the areas of the heart supplied by the right and left coronary arteries. (Module 18.5A)
The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the conducting system. The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left ventricle, left atrium, and interventricular septum.
How would properly functioning valves prevent varicose veins?
Valves prevent backward flow of blood
Intercalated discs serve to transfer all of the following from cell to cell except
Z-lines
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the partial or complete blockage of the coronary arteries that causes coronary ischemia?
a stent
What superficial landmark identifies the boundary between the left and right ventricles?
anterior interventricular sulcus