CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: <3

heart location

In the thoracic cavity--> posterior to sternum --> mediastinum

Pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

Left Side

OXygenated blood from lungs to the body

stimulation of the heart by the conduction system

an action potential 1. is initiated at the SA node 2. spreads through the conduction system of the heart until it reaches the atria and then the ventricles

The inferior, conical end of the heart is called the _______________.

apex

posterosuperior surface of the heart

base

L left atrioventricular (AV) valve

between left atrium and left ventricle

Aortic semilunar valve

between left ventricle and aorta

(r) pulmonary semilunar valve

between r ventricle and pulmonary trunk

R right atrioventricular (AV) valve

between right atrium and right ventricle

the fibrous skeleton is located

between the ventricles and the atria

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

foramen ovale

connects the two atria in the fetal heart

The ______ delivers oxygen-rich blood to the thick heart wall while the ______ carries the deoxygenated blood away from the heart wall. Multiple choice question.

coronary arteries and veins

fibrous skeleton of the heart

crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue

Right: Venae Cavae

drain deoxygenated blood intro R atrium

L pulmonary veins

drain oxygenated blood into left atrium

anterior view

flaplike extension- right auricle, portions of both left auricle of l atrium and l ventricle

cusps

flaps of the valves

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Sulci of the heart

grooves on surface of heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium

SA nodal cells

initiate heartbeat by spontaneously depolarizing to generate an action potential

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

trabeculae carneae

internal ridges in both ventricles

The position of the interventricular septum is deep to the ______ located on the heart's superficial surface.

interventricular sulci

posterior view of heart

l atrium and l ventricle are prominent

endolitheum

layers that line both the heart and the blood vessels

The circumflex artery supplies blood to the ______ ventricle.

left

the circumflex artery supplies blood to the

left ventricle

The cardiac center is within the ______.

medulla oblongata

pectinate muscles

muscular ridges in auricles and right atrial wall

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

epicardium

outer layer of the heart

interatrial septum

partition between the right and left atria

Right: Pulmonary Trunk

receives deoxygenated blood pumped from right ventricle

L aorta

receives oxygenated blood pumped from let ventricle

fossa ovalis

remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart

the right atrioventricular opening is covered by the

right atrioventicular & tricuspid

2 categories of valves

semilunar and atrioventricular

coronary sulcus

separates atria from ventricles

intraventricular septum

separates the two ventricles

Capillaries

serve as the sites of exchange, either. between blood & alveoli or blood and systemic cells

adequate perfusion

sufficient delivery to maintain cells' health

pericardial sac

surrounds the heart and helps prevent overfilling.

Cardiac muscle can

use fatty acids,glucose, lactic acid, amino acids, and ketone bodies as fuel sources.

Two sides of the heart

•Right side receives deoxygenated blood (atrium) and pumps it to lungs (ventricle) •Left side receives oxygenated blood (atrium) and pumps it to body (ventricle)

pericardium layers

Fibrous pericardium, parietal, pericardial, visceral

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Right side

DEoxygenated blood from body to lungs

All cells require

(a) a continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients (b) the removal of CO2 and other waste products

fibrous skeleton functions

-Provides structural support for the heart esp around the valves and the openings of the great vessels (holds orifices open and prevents from excessively stretching when blood surges through them -Anchors the cardiocytes and gives them something to pull against -Serves as electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles, so the atria cannot stimulate the ventricles directly.

action potential for cardiac muscles

1. NA+ ions enter acusing depolarization 2. depolar causes the opening of voltage-gated k+ channels 3. slow voltage-gated -Ca2+ channel open causing a Ca2+- induced Ca2+ release 4. plateau occurs 5. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels close 6. repolarization occurs, returning the cell to the resting membrane potential

serous fluid

A clear, watery fluid secreted by the cells of a serous membrane.