CCJ 4054 Midterm, Ethics Chapter 5 Quiz, Ethics Quiz 7, Ethics Quiz 8, Ethics Quiz 9, CCJ 4054 Midterm Review CH. 1-7

Consent Decrees

-contract that is entered into by a curtain police department where they agree to do things in exchange for not being sued.

Restorative Justice

-crime is viewed as natural human error to be dealt with by the community -"making the community or victim whole again"

Ethics of Care

-defines good as based on how well they meet the needs of care for others. -seen as a "feminist" system

Whren Vs U.S.

-determined it was perfectly legal to conduct pre-textual stops.

Ethics

-discipline of determining good & evil and defining moral duties -refers to the study & analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct.

Possible weakening of the subculture attributed to?

-diversity and hiring -body cameras -cellphones -pensions

Three qualities of Justice

-fairness -equality -impartiality

Confirmatory Bias

-fixating on one suspect. ignoring other possibilities.

Deontological System

-focused on the act itself -they don't care about why you did it (or your reasoning) just the fact that you did do it.

Biological Factors

-genetics (nothing on exam) -gender (women score higher then men do in moral test) -brain injuries (answer is true)

Teleological System

-goodness is concerned with consequences

Ethics of Virtue

-if you always make good choices then you're a good person and will always make good decisions. -"presumes you'll do the right thing because you're a good person"

Gratuities

-items of value given because of role or position, rather than personal relationship -"anything that is given for free to a police officer or someone in power, just because they're in that authority position is unethical"

Community Policing

-more involved with their communities -they try to resolve the problem on a deeper level rather then just focusing on arresting

Religion

-most frequent used system to make decisions

Procedural Protection may include:

-notice of charge -neutral hearing body -right of cross examination -representation by counsel -statement of findings -right to appeal

Entrapment

-otherwise innocent person is sort of coerced into doing illegal activities.

Professional Courtesy

-practice of not ticketing a fellow officer -"when you would 100% ticket anyone else but since they're an officer you wont"

Morals

-principles of right and wrong -refers to what is judged as good conduct

Corruption

-acting on opportunity -officers use their position to acquire unfair benefits

Superogatories

-actions that are commendable but not required to be moral or ethical

Duties

-actions that are required in order to be good or moral

Acts that are seen as ethical/unethical have 4 elements:

-an act -human act -freewill; the act was done of freewill -has an affect on at least one other person

Discretion

-authority to make a decision between two or more choices -ex: cops choice to shoot or not shoot

Retributive of

-balancing punishment for harm -"eye for an eye"

Racial Profiling

-basing a decision solely on their race or ethnicity

Confidential Informants

-being paid or working off their own charges

Reducing Police Corruption

-body cams -integrity test -diversity and hiring

Ethical Issue

-broad issue -something you can talk or debate about -ex: healthcare

Supererogatory

An act that goes beyond duty and is not required to be considered good or moral

Which of the following would be a form of disablement? a. committing a sex offender in a secure psychiatric hospital b. removing the hands of a thief c. removing a public official from office d. all of the above

all of the above

Perhaps characteristic of those having reached higher stages of moral development, civil disobedience refers to: a. a vigilante attitude toward those who violate laws and social norms b. a peaceful refusal to obey laws that are felt to be unjust c. a duty that citizens have to obey democratically-created laws d. refusing to vote because "it doesn't matter anyway."

a peaceful refusal to obey laws that are felt to be unjust

Which of the following concepts best captures the utilitarian notion that each person's welfare is equally important and, thus, that no one person's happiness should be regarded as more important than any other person's? a. fecundity b. psychological hedonism c. agent neutrality d. nobility of intent

agent neutrality

Natural law: a. supersedes all other laws b. is universal c. is the basis of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following key deontological concepts refers to the idea that criminal punishment should "fit the crime?" a. retribution b. desert c. proportionality d. recidivism

proportionality

Which of the following refers to the idea that human beings are naturally motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize pain? a. the principle of utility b. psychological hedonism c. the categorical imperative d. the greatest happiness principle

psychological hedonism

A moral duty is something we must--or must not--do, no matter how we feel about it, how we or others might be affected, and irrespective of the situation. a. true b. false

true

Substantive Justice

-Retributive of -Utilitarian

Natural Law

What is good is that which is natural

Entrapment

When police encourage or entice a person to commit an illegal act

Ethical Dilemmas

-a decision that has to be made in the moment -ex: cops deciding to shoot or not shoot

Tolerated lies

"necessary evils" such as lying during interrogations

Reactive Investigation

-a crime happens and then they call the police and the police react.

Police Culture

-Protect and serve their community

Leadership & Ethical Organizations

- ethical leaders -"basically if the leader is ethical then everyone will follow and be ethical"

Police Subculture

- us VS them mentality

Asset Forfeiture

-"Government decides that instead of sending you to jail they'll seize your assets in civil court" -not entitled to legal counsel -exclusionary rule not applied here

Blue Curtain of Secrecy aka Code of Silence

-"I'm not going to give up or testify against a fellow police officer"

Noble Cause of Corruption

-"even though what I'm doing is bad, it's ok because I'm doing it for a good reason"

Kohlberg's Moral Stage Theory

-3 levels and 2 stages per level -hierarchical in nature

Learning Theory

-Albert Bandura - "if people raised you right then you'll come out right" -Modeling (like a role model) -Reinforcement (when i do good things I'll get rewarded so I'll keep doing good things)

Three approaches to moral development:

-Biological Factors -Learning Theory -Kohlberg's Moral Stage Theory

Two Dangers in CJ

-Cynicism -Burnout - Often led to unethical acts

Race / Ethnicity / Justice

-Gallup Poll of 2011-2014 found that 60% of whites had a great deal of confidence in the police while 40% of blacks had a great deal of confidence in the police.

Law Enforcement Code of Ethics

-IACP : International Association of Chiefs of Police -promoted the law code of ethics

Ethical Formalism

-Immanuel Kant (father) -absolute system deontological system

Utilitarianism

-Jeremy Bentham (father) -Teleological system -the greatest good for the greatest number -"it depends if it'll benefit more people than it will effect" -concerned with deterrence -Ex: on 9/11 they decided to shoot a plane down that have about 60 innocent people to prevent hundred/thousands from dying.

Discretion in criminal investigations

-Proactive Investigations -Reactive Investigations

Intelligence

-reasonable suspicion; re-targets

Most Ethical Dilemmas Derive from?

-situations where a police. judge, lawyer etc. are able to use their discretion.

Police

-started off as public service and now is a combination of crime fighter and public servant -works better as both

Procedural Justice

-steps built into the CJ system to ensure innocent men/women don't go to jail.

Pre-textual stops

-stopping someone because of their race but saying it that they didn't put on their blinker instead.

Deterrence

-the 10/20 life -its a law that makes you not want to commit crimes because of the punishment

Egoism

-theres a debate on whether this is an ethical system -"if it's what you want to do then it is ethical"

Absolutist System

-things that are good will always be good. -things that are bad will always be bad. -ex: killing/lying

Undercover Officer

-trained officer who dresses up as a drug dealer or anything depending on the case they're trying to crack.

Graft

-unethical to accept bribes

Natural Law

-universal set of right or wrong -"like religion without the super-being" -Ex: incest is wrong

Authority

-unquestionable entitlement that needs to be obeyed

Interrogations and False Confessions

-up to 5% of confessions are false (according to the textbook) -2 groups are most susceptible to this is juveniles or mentally disabled -its legal and ethical for police to lie during interrogations

Ethical Systems

-use them subconsciously -guidelines or principles that we use to make certain decisions -often used

Persuasion

-uses signs, symbols, arguments, or words to induce appliance

Civil Disobedience

-voluntarily breaking or disobedience -breaking established laws based on ones moral beliefs -ex: Rosa Parks

Values

-we all have different value systems; we all act in a way that is consistent with our value system -ex: religion

Proactive Investigation

-when police get involved in the actual crime

Police Accountability

-when police officers are able to get a job anywhere even if they're fired from last one

Internal Affairs Model

-widely viewed as ineffective

Sanctions on "Whistleblowers"

A distressing aspect of loyalty Are often extreme Have resulted in state and federal legislation to protect whistleblowers Legislation is ineffective against informal ostracism and rejection

Lex Talionis

A vengeance-oriented form of retributive justice concerned with equal retaliation

Attorneys and Judges

Affecting justice process

Correctional Professional

Affecting offenders lives

Premise of Learning Theories

All human behavior is learned; therefore, ethics is a function of learning rather than reasoning

Which of the following was NOT discussed in your text as an important source of "sanction" for immoral behavior? a. The law b. God( or other divine being) c. Guilt d. All of the above WERE discussed as possible sanctions

All of the above WERE discussed as possible sanctions

Rawls Theory

Any inequalities in a society should benefit the least advantaged

Which of the following involves rationalizing misconduct by perceiving informal norms-- such as secrecy or loyalty to fellow officers--to be more important than societal laws, norms, or the formal norms of the organization by which one is employed? a. Denial of responsibility b. Denial of victim c. Denial of injury d. Appeal to higher loyalties

Appeal to higher loyalties

Applied Ethics

Application of ethical principles to specific issues or fields

Utilitarian Theory

Attempt to maximize benefits for society by balancing entitlement and needs

Egalitarian Theory

Based on the premise of equality or equal shares for all

Developmental Theories

Behavior depends on an individual's intellectual and emotional stage of development, which in turn depends on their environment

Learning Theories

Behavior depends on the rewards an individual received

Biological Factors

Behaviors depends on an individual's biological predispositions

Simply stated, our awareness that certain actions are morally wrong can be referred to as: a. Conscience b. Guilt c. Internal moral authority d. Moral predisposition

Conscience

Though Nazi leaders and war criminals had not committed "crimes" according to German law at the time, we ( and the United Nations) might argue that they had committed: a. Crimes of civil disobedience b. Universal infractions c. Crimes of conformity d. Crimes against humanity

Crimes against humanity

Values

Criteria of desirability, worth, or importance

Normative Ethics

Definition of right conduct and moral duties

Corrective Justice

Determination and methods of punishment

A law enforcement officer accepting money or other favors for overlooking traffic violations would be classified as which of the following forms of corruption? a. Theft b. Fixes c. Shakedowns d. Opportunistic theft

Fixes

Significant areas of liability for law enforcement

Discrimination Investigative practices Use of force

Which of the following explanations of morality argues that actions are right/wrong, good/bad because they are approved or disapproved of by God ( or some other higher power)? a. Strong reciprocity b. Social Contract c. Divine command d. Law-and-order morality

Divine command

Distributive Justice

Division of goods and burdens among members of a society

Authority

Entitlement to unquestioned obedience that derives from fulfilling a specific role

Professional Ethics

Examination of the behavior of certain professional groups

Not self-serving

For everyone, not just the individual

Imperfect duties

General obligation with no specific acts

Police

In enforcing laws

Legislators

In making laws and determining punishment

Noble-Cause Corruption

Involves officer's employing unethical means to catch criminals because "it's the right thing to do" (ends justifies the means)

U.S. v Martinez Fuerte

Legitimized the use of race as a criterion in profiles

if, as Plato and others have implied, human nature is egoistic then our actions are motivated by: a. Concerns for the well-being of others b. Fear c. Self-interest d. Pleasure

Self-interest

Moral principles or moral rules such as "never kill an innocent human being" might be described as: a. Virtues b. Conditionals c. Maxims d. Courses of best interest

Maxims

Libertarian Theory

Merit, entitlement, and productivity have more weight that needs or equal shares

Accepting gifts from inmates for special considerations is a form of prison corruption categorized as: a. Theft b. Misuse of authority c. Embezzlement d. Trafficking

Misuse of authority

Duties

Moral obligations that one must carry out to be considered ethical

Prescriptive

Not just abstract principles of good and bad, but have substantial impact on what we do

Force

Physical coercion

Marxist Theory

Places need above rights

Whren v. U.S.

Pretext stops upheld The law allows race to be considered as only one element in deciding to stop an individual

Which of the following explanations of police corruption diverts attention away from the possibility that corruption is systemic, arguing instead that corrupt acts are committed by only a few "bad" officers within otherwise ethical departments? a. Systemic b. Institutional c. Paternal d. Rotten Apple

Rotten Apple

Logically impartial or universal

Same rule applies in all cases and for everyone

Law

System of rules

Meta-ethics

Technical investigation of the meaning of ethical terms, as well as how ethical statements can be verified

Idealistic Realism

The ability of good leaders to acknowledge and understand social realities while avoiding the trap of cynicism

Discretion

The power and authority to make a choice between two or more options

Justice

The concept of fairness

Egoism

The ethical system that defines the pursuit of self-interest as a moral good

Morals

The judgement of behavior as right or wrong

Situational Ethics

The philosophical position that different situations call for different responses, therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors

Ethics

The study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct

Power

The threat behind the authority

Persuasion

The use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance

Prima facie duties are different from categorical duties in that: a. They can be overridden by more important duties in a given situation b. They only need to be followed if doing so brings the best consequences c. They only apply to some people d. They only apply to face-to-face interactions

They can be overridden by more important duties in a given situation

Informal Ethics: The Subculture

Typically from a homogenous social group Have a uniquely stressful work environment Participate in a basically closed social system

According to Kohlberg, which of the following stages of moral development do the vast majority of people fail to reach? a. interpersonal expectations b. law and order c. Universal ethical principles d. Conformity

Universal ethical principles

Plato's story of the "ring of Gyges" was used in class to illustrate the importance of which of the following questions: a. Why should we be moral? b. Is it possible to be moral? c. Is morality relative? d. Is behavior determined?

Why should we be moral?

Natural law theorists might argue that a law is unjust if it has which of the following characteristics? a. it is discriminatory b. it is unjustly applied c. it is degrading to humans d. any or all of the above

any or all of the above

Actions by law enforcement officers that exploit the powers of law enforcement for personal gain can be regarded as: a. corrupt b. egoistic c. paternalistic d. both corrupt and egoistic

both corrupt and egoistic

Which of the following, based on research indicating gender differences in responses to moral dilemmas, suggests that we reserve a greater role for compassion, interpersonal relationships, and concern for and responsiveness to the welfare of others in our moral reasoning? a. hedonism b. the difference principle c. care ethics d. moral psychology

care ethics

Using drugs to earn respect from one's peers most closely resembles the reasoning characteristic of which level of moral development? a. pre-conventional b. conventional c. post-conventional d. all of the above

conventional

Deterrence occurs when we: a. discourage offenders from repeating offenses, or discourage other by example b. change the character of an offender such that s/he is no loner inclined to commit criminal offenses c. prevent offenders from committing additional criminal acts by keeping them contained in prison d. none of the above

discourage offenders from repeating offenses, or discourage other by example

For Kant, the focus of the moral life is: a. pursuing freedom b. doing one's duty c. attaining happiness d. achieving intellectual pleasures

doing one's duty

According to Kohlberg, if we "stay on the right path," most people will eventually reach the post-conventional level of moral development. a. true b. false

false

Acts of omission by criminal justice professionals that involve not fulfilling one's professional responsibilities could be considered acts of misfeasance. a. true b. false

false

Condemnation of condemners occurs when we deny responsibility for our wrongdoing, arguing that "they made me do it" or "they deserved it." a. true b. false

false

Engaging in actions such as environmental terrorism, draft-dodging, or committing illegal acts to advance the cause of justice would reflect a pre-conventional level of development in Kohlberg's model. a. true b. false

false

From a Kantian ethical perspective, in some extreme circumstances (e.g., aiding a very sick relative) it might be acceptable to borrow money from a friend, promising to repay the money, even though we know there is no chance we will ever be able to repay it. a. true b. false

false

In an interrogation setting, law enforcement officers can legally make specific promises of leniency (e.g., a reduced sentence) to suspects in exchange for their cooperation or confession. a. true b. false

false

Law enforcement officers keeping money confiscated from a drug bust for personal monetary gain could be regarded as a form of use corruption. a. true b. false

false

Social hedonism is a type of hedonism which suggests that pleasure is the ultimate good, and that it is only our own pleasures and pains that should matter-- not those of other people affected. a. true b. false

false

The argument that aiding or assisting others might be degrading to them, implying that they are incapable of helping themselves, is an argument commonly used to support qualitative varieties of utilitarianism. a. true b. false

false

The vast majority of major religious groups in the United States officially support capital punishment. a. true b. false

false

Which of the following term refers to the process of making an effort to understand how each person involved in a situation perceives it and, further, imagining how each person would feel if placed in the others' position? a. universal cognition b. instrumental exchange c. golden rule role taking d. care

golden rule role taking

Deontological Ethical Systems

good is defined as the inherent nature of an act

Teleological Ethical System

good is defined by results

Which of the following refers to the anxiety or discomfort we experience when we deviate from our own internal standards of right and wrong? a. moral inferiority b. punitive egoism c. guilt d. hedonism

guilt

Informants

individuals who are not police officers but assist police by providing information about criminal activity

Engaging in lawbreaking behavior to achieve a reputation or gain status among peers would be most consistent with which of the following stages of moral development: a. punishment/obedience b. law and order c. social contract d. interpersonal exchange and conformity

interpersonal exchange and conformity

The idea that we should treat ourselves and others as ends and never as means only is premised upon the more fundamental notion that all human beings have: a. intrinsic worth or dignity b. positive rights c. integrity d. the right to liberty

intrinsic worth or dignity

Carol Gilligan's work on moral development implies that morality may develop out of two different orientations: a "male" approach focusing on _______, and a "female" approach grounded in _______. a. self- interest; empathy b. justice and rights; compassion and interpersonal relationships c. compassion and care; universal ethical principles d. self-sacrifice; self-interest

justice and rights; compassion and interpersonal relationships

Excessive Force

lawful force is force that is reasonably necessary for lawful purpose

Direct misconduct by a police officer, such as extorting money from drug dealers, would be an example of which of the following forms of misconduct? a. nonfeasance b. misfeasance c. malfeasance d. all of the above

malfeasance

Premise of Developmental Theories

moral development, like physical growth, occurs in stages

Which of the following ethical frameworks suggests that morality should be linked to human nature, including a concern for human dignity and universal human rights? a. utilitarianism b. ethical egoism c. social hedonism d. natural law

natural law

Things we are morally obligated not to do (e.g., lie, cheat, exploit others) can be termed: a. correlated duties b. negative duties c. positive law d. positive duties

negative duties

Which of the following is a term commonly used to describe corrupt practices by law enforcement officers that are not purely egoistic by nature but, rather, done to achieve the "good" ends of protecting the community? a. noble cause corruption b. use corruption c. economic corruption d. altruistic corruption

noble cause corruption

Those who utilize the internet (e.g., chat rooms) to exploit children for sexual purposes are commonly referred to as: a. online predators b. dirty harries c. finks d. provocateurs

online predators

With respect to religion and morality, the problem of common ground refers to the fact that religious commands and principles: a. are too old to be valuable today b. are of unknown origin c. only appeal to believers d. are often immoral themselves

only appeal to believers

Which of the following is not a technique of deceptive interrogation? a. misrepresenting the seriousness of the offense b. misrepresenting the moral seriousness of the offense c. fabricating evidence d. physical coercion

physical coercion

An agreement between a criminal defendant and the prosecution whereby the prosecution reduces charges or recommends a reduced sentence in exchange for a guilty plea is referred to as a: a. conditional plea b. plea bargain c. mistrial d. indictment

plea bargain

At which of the following levels of moral development might we place a person whose moral values and principles are self-chosen, arrived at through independent reflection? a. pre-conventional b. conventional c. post-conventional d. none of the above

post-conventional

Kantian (deontological) ethics justifies criminal punishment on which of the following grounds: a. retribution b. rehabilitation c. deterrence d. incapacitation

retribution

According to Kohlberg, which of the following likely plays an important role in our progression through higher stages of moral development? a. role-taking opportunities b. reading books about ethics c. love and respect within the family d. social class and financial well-being

role-taking opportunities

Deviant lies

such as false testimony in court to make a case, or covering up police wrongdoing

Placebo

such as lying to a person about how a loved one was killed

Accepted lies

such as those used during undercover investigations or sting operations

Bentham suggested that, when contemplating decisions and actions, we can quantify potential pleasures and pains along a number of dimensions. He referred to this process of quantification as: a. the pleasure equation b. the felicity calculus c. the intensity range d. the certainty continuum

the felicity calculus

In the context of criminal punishment, desert refers to: a. the goal of preventing future crime b. the principle of offenders getting what they deserve c. the idea that the punishment should fit the crime d. incarcerated offenders have positive rights

the principle of offenders getting what they deserve

A utilitarian ethical framework would argue that, as a general principle, law- and policy-makers should create laws and policies that they reasonably expect to bring about the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. a. true b. false

true

According to Kohlberg, civil disobedience is characteristic of most advanced stage of moral reasoning. a. true b. false

true

Although it may be useful for discouraging some undesirable forms of behavior, the use of punishment may serve as an impediment to the development of genuine morality. a. true b. false

true

Although morally questionable , it is legal for law enforcement officers to directly inform a criminal suspect during an interrogation that there is an eyewitness to the crime, even when no such eyewitnesses exists. a. true b. false

true

Based on Kohlberg's model of moral development, committing illegal acts for the purpose of fighting injustice would (or should) be less morally reprehensible than criminality motivated by vigilante justice. a. true b. false

true

Carol Gilligan's work utilizing the "Heinz Dilemma" revealed that males tend to resolve moral dilemmas using impartial principles, while females tend to focus on finding alternative solutions that take into account the needs of all people involved. a. true b. false

true

Consequentialism is a normative ethical framework. a. true b. false

true

Consequentialist ethical frameworks argue that our decisions and actions are morally "right" if they are intended and can be reasonably expected to produce the best consequences. a. true b. false

true

Guilt might best be described as emotional self-punishment. a. true b. false

true

In an interview/interrogation scenario, the use of psychological persuasion and manipulation by law enforcement officers to elicit information from a suspect could be classified as deceptive interrogation. a. true b. false

true

In general, utilitarianism argues that criminal punishment is justifiable because it prevents future crime. a. true b. false

true

John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism differs from that of Jeremy Bentham in that Mill implies that we should consider some goods to be of higher quality and, thus, more important than others. a. true b. false

true

Kant argued that, when faced with an "inquiring murderer," we should always tell the truth--even if doing so potentially leads to undesirable consequences for ourselves and/or others. a. true b. false

true

Kantian ethics and other ethical systems that focus on moral rights can be considered deontological. a. true b. false

true

Kantian ethics holds a moral rule or principle to be acceptable only if it can be applied to every person in the same situation. a. true b. false

true

Natural law (and natural rights) applies to all people regardless of nationality, race, sex, religion, and social class. a. true b. false

true

Rather than the consequences of our action, deontological theories of ethics hold that the primary concern of morality is our actions themselves. a. true b. false

true

Reasoning such as, "killing is wrong because it is against the law" or "abortion is wrong because the Bible says so" is characteristic of the law-and-order orientation and stage of moral development. a. true b. false

true

Research indicates that law enforcement officers who have a college education are, on average, better able to empathize, communicate, and are generally more ethical than those who do not. a. true b. false

true

Techniques of neutralization refer to processes of protecting ourselves from guilt and negative self-image by justifying or rationalizing our actions. a. true b. false

true

The notion of moral development implies that some beliefs, values, and ways-of-thinking about moral issues reflect a more advanced and desirable form of ethical judgement. a. true b. false

true

To say that something is categorically imperative is to say that it ought to be done or must be done regardless of consequences. a. true b. false

true

Utilitarianism suggests that, when considering moral decisions, the interests of everyone should be treated equally. a. true b. false

true

Violations of the law usually go unpunished. a. true b. false

true

Blue Lies

used to control a person and make the police officer's job easier

Authoritative

usually beyond question

Though both emphasize consequences, utilitarian differs from ethical egoism in that: a. utilitarianism emphasizes consequences for all people affected b. egoism emphasizes happiness, whereas utilitarianism emphasizes welfare c. egoism defines happiness as pleasure, whereas utilitarianism does not d. utilitarianism places primary importance on consequences for the acting agent

utilitarianism emphasizes consequences for all people affected

Which of the following principles approves or dispproves of an action according to its tendency to promote happiness for the greatest number of people? a. altruism b. utility c. hedonism d. egosim

utility