CCJ 4054 Midterm, Ethics Chapter 5 Quiz, Ethics Quiz 7, Ethics Quiz 8, Ethics Quiz 9, CCJ 4054 Midterm Review CH. 1-7
Consent Decrees
-contract that is entered into by a curtain police department where they agree to do things in exchange for not being sued.
Restorative Justice
-crime is viewed as natural human error to be dealt with by the community -"making the community or victim whole again"
Ethics of Care
-defines good as based on how well they meet the needs of care for others. -seen as a "feminist" system
Whren Vs U.S.
-determined it was perfectly legal to conduct pre-textual stops.
Ethics
-discipline of determining good & evil and defining moral duties -refers to the study & analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct.
Possible weakening of the subculture attributed to?
-diversity and hiring -body cameras -cellphones -pensions
Three qualities of Justice
-fairness -equality -impartiality
Confirmatory Bias
-fixating on one suspect. ignoring other possibilities.
Deontological System
-focused on the act itself -they don't care about why you did it (or your reasoning) just the fact that you did do it.
Biological Factors
-genetics (nothing on exam) -gender (women score higher then men do in moral test) -brain injuries (answer is true)
Teleological System
-goodness is concerned with consequences
Ethics of Virtue
-if you always make good choices then you're a good person and will always make good decisions. -"presumes you'll do the right thing because you're a good person"
Gratuities
-items of value given because of role or position, rather than personal relationship -"anything that is given for free to a police officer or someone in power, just because they're in that authority position is unethical"
Community Policing
-more involved with their communities -they try to resolve the problem on a deeper level rather then just focusing on arresting
Religion
-most frequent used system to make decisions
Procedural Protection may include:
-notice of charge -neutral hearing body -right of cross examination -representation by counsel -statement of findings -right to appeal
Entrapment
-otherwise innocent person is sort of coerced into doing illegal activities.
Professional Courtesy
-practice of not ticketing a fellow officer -"when you would 100% ticket anyone else but since they're an officer you wont"
Morals
-principles of right and wrong -refers to what is judged as good conduct
Corruption
-acting on opportunity -officers use their position to acquire unfair benefits
Superogatories
-actions that are commendable but not required to be moral or ethical
Duties
-actions that are required in order to be good or moral
Acts that are seen as ethical/unethical have 4 elements:
-an act -human act -freewill; the act was done of freewill -has an affect on at least one other person
Discretion
-authority to make a decision between two or more choices -ex: cops choice to shoot or not shoot
Retributive of
-balancing punishment for harm -"eye for an eye"
Racial Profiling
-basing a decision solely on their race or ethnicity
Confidential Informants
-being paid or working off their own charges
Reducing Police Corruption
-body cams -integrity test -diversity and hiring
Ethical Issue
-broad issue -something you can talk or debate about -ex: healthcare
Supererogatory
An act that goes beyond duty and is not required to be considered good or moral
Which of the following would be a form of disablement? a. committing a sex offender in a secure psychiatric hospital b. removing the hands of a thief c. removing a public official from office d. all of the above
all of the above
Perhaps characteristic of those having reached higher stages of moral development, civil disobedience refers to: a. a vigilante attitude toward those who violate laws and social norms b. a peaceful refusal to obey laws that are felt to be unjust c. a duty that citizens have to obey democratically-created laws d. refusing to vote because "it doesn't matter anyway."
a peaceful refusal to obey laws that are felt to be unjust
Which of the following concepts best captures the utilitarian notion that each person's welfare is equally important and, thus, that no one person's happiness should be regarded as more important than any other person's? a. fecundity b. psychological hedonism c. agent neutrality d. nobility of intent
agent neutrality
Natural law: a. supersedes all other laws b. is universal c. is the basis of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights d. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following key deontological concepts refers to the idea that criminal punishment should "fit the crime?" a. retribution b. desert c. proportionality d. recidivism
proportionality
Which of the following refers to the idea that human beings are naturally motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize pain? a. the principle of utility b. psychological hedonism c. the categorical imperative d. the greatest happiness principle
psychological hedonism
A moral duty is something we must--or must not--do, no matter how we feel about it, how we or others might be affected, and irrespective of the situation. a. true b. false
true
Substantive Justice
-Retributive of -Utilitarian
Natural Law
What is good is that which is natural
Entrapment
When police encourage or entice a person to commit an illegal act
Ethical Dilemmas
-a decision that has to be made in the moment -ex: cops deciding to shoot or not shoot
Tolerated lies
"necessary evils" such as lying during interrogations
Reactive Investigation
-a crime happens and then they call the police and the police react.
Police Culture
-Protect and serve their community
Leadership & Ethical Organizations
- ethical leaders -"basically if the leader is ethical then everyone will follow and be ethical"
Police Subculture
- us VS them mentality
Asset Forfeiture
-"Government decides that instead of sending you to jail they'll seize your assets in civil court" -not entitled to legal counsel -exclusionary rule not applied here
Blue Curtain of Secrecy aka Code of Silence
-"I'm not going to give up or testify against a fellow police officer"
Noble Cause of Corruption
-"even though what I'm doing is bad, it's ok because I'm doing it for a good reason"
Kohlberg's Moral Stage Theory
-3 levels and 2 stages per level -hierarchical in nature
Learning Theory
-Albert Bandura - "if people raised you right then you'll come out right" -Modeling (like a role model) -Reinforcement (when i do good things I'll get rewarded so I'll keep doing good things)
Three approaches to moral development:
-Biological Factors -Learning Theory -Kohlberg's Moral Stage Theory
Two Dangers in CJ
-Cynicism -Burnout - Often led to unethical acts
Race / Ethnicity / Justice
-Gallup Poll of 2011-2014 found that 60% of whites had a great deal of confidence in the police while 40% of blacks had a great deal of confidence in the police.
Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
-IACP : International Association of Chiefs of Police -promoted the law code of ethics
Ethical Formalism
-Immanuel Kant (father) -absolute system deontological system
Utilitarianism
-Jeremy Bentham (father) -Teleological system -the greatest good for the greatest number -"it depends if it'll benefit more people than it will effect" -concerned with deterrence -Ex: on 9/11 they decided to shoot a plane down that have about 60 innocent people to prevent hundred/thousands from dying.
Discretion in criminal investigations
-Proactive Investigations -Reactive Investigations
Intelligence
-reasonable suspicion; re-targets
Most Ethical Dilemmas Derive from?
-situations where a police. judge, lawyer etc. are able to use their discretion.
Police
-started off as public service and now is a combination of crime fighter and public servant -works better as both
Procedural Justice
-steps built into the CJ system to ensure innocent men/women don't go to jail.
Pre-textual stops
-stopping someone because of their race but saying it that they didn't put on their blinker instead.
Deterrence
-the 10/20 life -its a law that makes you not want to commit crimes because of the punishment
Egoism
-theres a debate on whether this is an ethical system -"if it's what you want to do then it is ethical"
Absolutist System
-things that are good will always be good. -things that are bad will always be bad. -ex: killing/lying
Undercover Officer
-trained officer who dresses up as a drug dealer or anything depending on the case they're trying to crack.
Graft
-unethical to accept bribes
Natural Law
-universal set of right or wrong -"like religion without the super-being" -Ex: incest is wrong
Authority
-unquestionable entitlement that needs to be obeyed
Interrogations and False Confessions
-up to 5% of confessions are false (according to the textbook) -2 groups are most susceptible to this is juveniles or mentally disabled -its legal and ethical for police to lie during interrogations
Ethical Systems
-use them subconsciously -guidelines or principles that we use to make certain decisions -often used
Persuasion
-uses signs, symbols, arguments, or words to induce appliance
Civil Disobedience
-voluntarily breaking or disobedience -breaking established laws based on ones moral beliefs -ex: Rosa Parks
Values
-we all have different value systems; we all act in a way that is consistent with our value system -ex: religion
Proactive Investigation
-when police get involved in the actual crime
Police Accountability
-when police officers are able to get a job anywhere even if they're fired from last one
Internal Affairs Model
-widely viewed as ineffective
Sanctions on "Whistleblowers"
A distressing aspect of loyalty Are often extreme Have resulted in state and federal legislation to protect whistleblowers Legislation is ineffective against informal ostracism and rejection
Lex Talionis
A vengeance-oriented form of retributive justice concerned with equal retaliation
Attorneys and Judges
Affecting justice process
Correctional Professional
Affecting offenders lives
Premise of Learning Theories
All human behavior is learned; therefore, ethics is a function of learning rather than reasoning
Which of the following was NOT discussed in your text as an important source of "sanction" for immoral behavior? a. The law b. God( or other divine being) c. Guilt d. All of the above WERE discussed as possible sanctions
All of the above WERE discussed as possible sanctions
Rawls Theory
Any inequalities in a society should benefit the least advantaged
Which of the following involves rationalizing misconduct by perceiving informal norms-- such as secrecy or loyalty to fellow officers--to be more important than societal laws, norms, or the formal norms of the organization by which one is employed? a. Denial of responsibility b. Denial of victim c. Denial of injury d. Appeal to higher loyalties
Appeal to higher loyalties
Applied Ethics
Application of ethical principles to specific issues or fields
Utilitarian Theory
Attempt to maximize benefits for society by balancing entitlement and needs
Egalitarian Theory
Based on the premise of equality or equal shares for all
Developmental Theories
Behavior depends on an individual's intellectual and emotional stage of development, which in turn depends on their environment
Learning Theories
Behavior depends on the rewards an individual received
Biological Factors
Behaviors depends on an individual's biological predispositions
Simply stated, our awareness that certain actions are morally wrong can be referred to as: a. Conscience b. Guilt c. Internal moral authority d. Moral predisposition
Conscience
Though Nazi leaders and war criminals had not committed "crimes" according to German law at the time, we ( and the United Nations) might argue that they had committed: a. Crimes of civil disobedience b. Universal infractions c. Crimes of conformity d. Crimes against humanity
Crimes against humanity
Values
Criteria of desirability, worth, or importance
Normative Ethics
Definition of right conduct and moral duties
Corrective Justice
Determination and methods of punishment
A law enforcement officer accepting money or other favors for overlooking traffic violations would be classified as which of the following forms of corruption? a. Theft b. Fixes c. Shakedowns d. Opportunistic theft
Fixes
Significant areas of liability for law enforcement
Discrimination Investigative practices Use of force
Which of the following explanations of morality argues that actions are right/wrong, good/bad because they are approved or disapproved of by God ( or some other higher power)? a. Strong reciprocity b. Social Contract c. Divine command d. Law-and-order morality
Divine command
Distributive Justice
Division of goods and burdens among members of a society
Authority
Entitlement to unquestioned obedience that derives from fulfilling a specific role
Professional Ethics
Examination of the behavior of certain professional groups
Not self-serving
For everyone, not just the individual
Imperfect duties
General obligation with no specific acts
Police
In enforcing laws
Legislators
In making laws and determining punishment
Noble-Cause Corruption
Involves officer's employing unethical means to catch criminals because "it's the right thing to do" (ends justifies the means)
U.S. v Martinez Fuerte
Legitimized the use of race as a criterion in profiles
if, as Plato and others have implied, human nature is egoistic then our actions are motivated by: a. Concerns for the well-being of others b. Fear c. Self-interest d. Pleasure
Self-interest
Moral principles or moral rules such as "never kill an innocent human being" might be described as: a. Virtues b. Conditionals c. Maxims d. Courses of best interest
Maxims
Libertarian Theory
Merit, entitlement, and productivity have more weight that needs or equal shares
Accepting gifts from inmates for special considerations is a form of prison corruption categorized as: a. Theft b. Misuse of authority c. Embezzlement d. Trafficking
Misuse of authority
Duties
Moral obligations that one must carry out to be considered ethical
Prescriptive
Not just abstract principles of good and bad, but have substantial impact on what we do
Force
Physical coercion
Marxist Theory
Places need above rights
Whren v. U.S.
Pretext stops upheld The law allows race to be considered as only one element in deciding to stop an individual
Which of the following explanations of police corruption diverts attention away from the possibility that corruption is systemic, arguing instead that corrupt acts are committed by only a few "bad" officers within otherwise ethical departments? a. Systemic b. Institutional c. Paternal d. Rotten Apple
Rotten Apple
Logically impartial or universal
Same rule applies in all cases and for everyone
Law
System of rules
Meta-ethics
Technical investigation of the meaning of ethical terms, as well as how ethical statements can be verified
Idealistic Realism
The ability of good leaders to acknowledge and understand social realities while avoiding the trap of cynicism
Discretion
The power and authority to make a choice between two or more options
Justice
The concept of fairness
Egoism
The ethical system that defines the pursuit of self-interest as a moral good
Morals
The judgement of behavior as right or wrong
Situational Ethics
The philosophical position that different situations call for different responses, therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors
Ethics
The study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct
Power
The threat behind the authority
Persuasion
The use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance
Prima facie duties are different from categorical duties in that: a. They can be overridden by more important duties in a given situation b. They only need to be followed if doing so brings the best consequences c. They only apply to some people d. They only apply to face-to-face interactions
They can be overridden by more important duties in a given situation
Informal Ethics: The Subculture
Typically from a homogenous social group Have a uniquely stressful work environment Participate in a basically closed social system
According to Kohlberg, which of the following stages of moral development do the vast majority of people fail to reach? a. interpersonal expectations b. law and order c. Universal ethical principles d. Conformity
Universal ethical principles
Plato's story of the "ring of Gyges" was used in class to illustrate the importance of which of the following questions: a. Why should we be moral? b. Is it possible to be moral? c. Is morality relative? d. Is behavior determined?
Why should we be moral?
Natural law theorists might argue that a law is unjust if it has which of the following characteristics? a. it is discriminatory b. it is unjustly applied c. it is degrading to humans d. any or all of the above
any or all of the above
Actions by law enforcement officers that exploit the powers of law enforcement for personal gain can be regarded as: a. corrupt b. egoistic c. paternalistic d. both corrupt and egoistic
both corrupt and egoistic
Which of the following, based on research indicating gender differences in responses to moral dilemmas, suggests that we reserve a greater role for compassion, interpersonal relationships, and concern for and responsiveness to the welfare of others in our moral reasoning? a. hedonism b. the difference principle c. care ethics d. moral psychology
care ethics
Using drugs to earn respect from one's peers most closely resembles the reasoning characteristic of which level of moral development? a. pre-conventional b. conventional c. post-conventional d. all of the above
conventional
Deterrence occurs when we: a. discourage offenders from repeating offenses, or discourage other by example b. change the character of an offender such that s/he is no loner inclined to commit criminal offenses c. prevent offenders from committing additional criminal acts by keeping them contained in prison d. none of the above
discourage offenders from repeating offenses, or discourage other by example
For Kant, the focus of the moral life is: a. pursuing freedom b. doing one's duty c. attaining happiness d. achieving intellectual pleasures
doing one's duty
According to Kohlberg, if we "stay on the right path," most people will eventually reach the post-conventional level of moral development. a. true b. false
false
Acts of omission by criminal justice professionals that involve not fulfilling one's professional responsibilities could be considered acts of misfeasance. a. true b. false
false
Condemnation of condemners occurs when we deny responsibility for our wrongdoing, arguing that "they made me do it" or "they deserved it." a. true b. false
false
Engaging in actions such as environmental terrorism, draft-dodging, or committing illegal acts to advance the cause of justice would reflect a pre-conventional level of development in Kohlberg's model. a. true b. false
false
From a Kantian ethical perspective, in some extreme circumstances (e.g., aiding a very sick relative) it might be acceptable to borrow money from a friend, promising to repay the money, even though we know there is no chance we will ever be able to repay it. a. true b. false
false
In an interrogation setting, law enforcement officers can legally make specific promises of leniency (e.g., a reduced sentence) to suspects in exchange for their cooperation or confession. a. true b. false
false
Law enforcement officers keeping money confiscated from a drug bust for personal monetary gain could be regarded as a form of use corruption. a. true b. false
false
Social hedonism is a type of hedonism which suggests that pleasure is the ultimate good, and that it is only our own pleasures and pains that should matter-- not those of other people affected. a. true b. false
false
The argument that aiding or assisting others might be degrading to them, implying that they are incapable of helping themselves, is an argument commonly used to support qualitative varieties of utilitarianism. a. true b. false
false
The vast majority of major religious groups in the United States officially support capital punishment. a. true b. false
false
Which of the following term refers to the process of making an effort to understand how each person involved in a situation perceives it and, further, imagining how each person would feel if placed in the others' position? a. universal cognition b. instrumental exchange c. golden rule role taking d. care
golden rule role taking
Deontological Ethical Systems
good is defined as the inherent nature of an act
Teleological Ethical System
good is defined by results
Which of the following refers to the anxiety or discomfort we experience when we deviate from our own internal standards of right and wrong? a. moral inferiority b. punitive egoism c. guilt d. hedonism
guilt
Informants
individuals who are not police officers but assist police by providing information about criminal activity
Engaging in lawbreaking behavior to achieve a reputation or gain status among peers would be most consistent with which of the following stages of moral development: a. punishment/obedience b. law and order c. social contract d. interpersonal exchange and conformity
interpersonal exchange and conformity
The idea that we should treat ourselves and others as ends and never as means only is premised upon the more fundamental notion that all human beings have: a. intrinsic worth or dignity b. positive rights c. integrity d. the right to liberty
intrinsic worth or dignity
Carol Gilligan's work on moral development implies that morality may develop out of two different orientations: a "male" approach focusing on _______, and a "female" approach grounded in _______. a. self- interest; empathy b. justice and rights; compassion and interpersonal relationships c. compassion and care; universal ethical principles d. self-sacrifice; self-interest
justice and rights; compassion and interpersonal relationships
Excessive Force
lawful force is force that is reasonably necessary for lawful purpose
Direct misconduct by a police officer, such as extorting money from drug dealers, would be an example of which of the following forms of misconduct? a. nonfeasance b. misfeasance c. malfeasance d. all of the above
malfeasance
Premise of Developmental Theories
moral development, like physical growth, occurs in stages
Which of the following ethical frameworks suggests that morality should be linked to human nature, including a concern for human dignity and universal human rights? a. utilitarianism b. ethical egoism c. social hedonism d. natural law
natural law
Things we are morally obligated not to do (e.g., lie, cheat, exploit others) can be termed: a. correlated duties b. negative duties c. positive law d. positive duties
negative duties
Which of the following is a term commonly used to describe corrupt practices by law enforcement officers that are not purely egoistic by nature but, rather, done to achieve the "good" ends of protecting the community? a. noble cause corruption b. use corruption c. economic corruption d. altruistic corruption
noble cause corruption
Those who utilize the internet (e.g., chat rooms) to exploit children for sexual purposes are commonly referred to as: a. online predators b. dirty harries c. finks d. provocateurs
online predators
With respect to religion and morality, the problem of common ground refers to the fact that religious commands and principles: a. are too old to be valuable today b. are of unknown origin c. only appeal to believers d. are often immoral themselves
only appeal to believers
Which of the following is not a technique of deceptive interrogation? a. misrepresenting the seriousness of the offense b. misrepresenting the moral seriousness of the offense c. fabricating evidence d. physical coercion
physical coercion
An agreement between a criminal defendant and the prosecution whereby the prosecution reduces charges or recommends a reduced sentence in exchange for a guilty plea is referred to as a: a. conditional plea b. plea bargain c. mistrial d. indictment
plea bargain
At which of the following levels of moral development might we place a person whose moral values and principles are self-chosen, arrived at through independent reflection? a. pre-conventional b. conventional c. post-conventional d. none of the above
post-conventional
Kantian (deontological) ethics justifies criminal punishment on which of the following grounds: a. retribution b. rehabilitation c. deterrence d. incapacitation
retribution
According to Kohlberg, which of the following likely plays an important role in our progression through higher stages of moral development? a. role-taking opportunities b. reading books about ethics c. love and respect within the family d. social class and financial well-being
role-taking opportunities
Deviant lies
such as false testimony in court to make a case, or covering up police wrongdoing
Placebo
such as lying to a person about how a loved one was killed
Accepted lies
such as those used during undercover investigations or sting operations
Bentham suggested that, when contemplating decisions and actions, we can quantify potential pleasures and pains along a number of dimensions. He referred to this process of quantification as: a. the pleasure equation b. the felicity calculus c. the intensity range d. the certainty continuum
the felicity calculus
In the context of criminal punishment, desert refers to: a. the goal of preventing future crime b. the principle of offenders getting what they deserve c. the idea that the punishment should fit the crime d. incarcerated offenders have positive rights
the principle of offenders getting what they deserve
A utilitarian ethical framework would argue that, as a general principle, law- and policy-makers should create laws and policies that they reasonably expect to bring about the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. a. true b. false
true
According to Kohlberg, civil disobedience is characteristic of most advanced stage of moral reasoning. a. true b. false
true
Although it may be useful for discouraging some undesirable forms of behavior, the use of punishment may serve as an impediment to the development of genuine morality. a. true b. false
true
Although morally questionable , it is legal for law enforcement officers to directly inform a criminal suspect during an interrogation that there is an eyewitness to the crime, even when no such eyewitnesses exists. a. true b. false
true
Based on Kohlberg's model of moral development, committing illegal acts for the purpose of fighting injustice would (or should) be less morally reprehensible than criminality motivated by vigilante justice. a. true b. false
true
Carol Gilligan's work utilizing the "Heinz Dilemma" revealed that males tend to resolve moral dilemmas using impartial principles, while females tend to focus on finding alternative solutions that take into account the needs of all people involved. a. true b. false
true
Consequentialism is a normative ethical framework. a. true b. false
true
Consequentialist ethical frameworks argue that our decisions and actions are morally "right" if they are intended and can be reasonably expected to produce the best consequences. a. true b. false
true
Guilt might best be described as emotional self-punishment. a. true b. false
true
In an interview/interrogation scenario, the use of psychological persuasion and manipulation by law enforcement officers to elicit information from a suspect could be classified as deceptive interrogation. a. true b. false
true
In general, utilitarianism argues that criminal punishment is justifiable because it prevents future crime. a. true b. false
true
John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism differs from that of Jeremy Bentham in that Mill implies that we should consider some goods to be of higher quality and, thus, more important than others. a. true b. false
true
Kant argued that, when faced with an "inquiring murderer," we should always tell the truth--even if doing so potentially leads to undesirable consequences for ourselves and/or others. a. true b. false
true
Kantian ethics and other ethical systems that focus on moral rights can be considered deontological. a. true b. false
true
Kantian ethics holds a moral rule or principle to be acceptable only if it can be applied to every person in the same situation. a. true b. false
true
Natural law (and natural rights) applies to all people regardless of nationality, race, sex, religion, and social class. a. true b. false
true
Rather than the consequences of our action, deontological theories of ethics hold that the primary concern of morality is our actions themselves. a. true b. false
true
Reasoning such as, "killing is wrong because it is against the law" or "abortion is wrong because the Bible says so" is characteristic of the law-and-order orientation and stage of moral development. a. true b. false
true
Research indicates that law enforcement officers who have a college education are, on average, better able to empathize, communicate, and are generally more ethical than those who do not. a. true b. false
true
Techniques of neutralization refer to processes of protecting ourselves from guilt and negative self-image by justifying or rationalizing our actions. a. true b. false
true
The notion of moral development implies that some beliefs, values, and ways-of-thinking about moral issues reflect a more advanced and desirable form of ethical judgement. a. true b. false
true
To say that something is categorically imperative is to say that it ought to be done or must be done regardless of consequences. a. true b. false
true
Utilitarianism suggests that, when considering moral decisions, the interests of everyone should be treated equally. a. true b. false
true
Violations of the law usually go unpunished. a. true b. false
true
Blue Lies
used to control a person and make the police officer's job easier
Authoritative
usually beyond question
Though both emphasize consequences, utilitarian differs from ethical egoism in that: a. utilitarianism emphasizes consequences for all people affected b. egoism emphasizes happiness, whereas utilitarianism emphasizes welfare c. egoism defines happiness as pleasure, whereas utilitarianism does not d. utilitarianism places primary importance on consequences for the acting agent
utilitarianism emphasizes consequences for all people affected
Which of the following principles approves or dispproves of an action according to its tendency to promote happiness for the greatest number of people? a. altruism b. utility c. hedonism d. egosim
utility