CE 250 FINAL: QUIZZES
The absence of infrastructure can also lead to architectural exclusion. Select one: True False
True
Forward-looking design informs investment in reliable infrastructure that can better withstand ongoing and future climate risks. Select one: True False
True
One foot of sea level rise can yield more than 1 foot of increase storm surge. Select one: True False
True
Human activities were estimated to have caused approximately ___oC of global warming above pre-industrial levels. Select one: a. 1.0 b. 0.1 c. 5.0 d. 10.0
1.0
Match the product system to the most suitable functional unit: Product system: Hand sanitizer factory- Product system: Landfill- Product system: Subway (metro rail)-
1000ml hand sanitizer produced 1 ton of trash disposed passenger miles traveled
Across all of the Sustainable Development Goals, there are how many specific targets? Select one: a. 17 b. 5 c. 169 d. 34
169
In 2017, according to the ASCE Infrastructure Report Card, how many of the 16 infrastructure categories receive a grade of C or higher? (provide a numerical integer)
4
In Lecture 1.4, the number of gas stations in the U.S. was estimated. Which of the following is a structural uncertainty? Select one: a. The population in Boonville is not exactly 5,000. b. A person is not necessarily a driver. c. The population in the U.S. is not exactly 330 million.
A person is not necessarily a driver.
In a tree diagram, the notation "-1" indicates: Select one: a. A term that can be omitted in your estimation b. A term is highly uncertain c. A term should be multiplied by -1 d. A term should be raised to -1 exponent
A term should be raised to -1 exponent
Proportional reasoning requires identifying an invariant. Select one: True False
True
Thorough life cycle thinking considers which of the following: Select one: a. Materials processing b. Manufacturing c. Use d. End of life e. All of the above
All of the above
Which are examples of NIMBY? Select one or more: a. Hospital b. Particulate matter c. Landfill d. Noise e. Lower property values f. An advocacy group against local development
An advocacy group against local development
We use "CO2-eq" to: Select one: a. To measure the equilibrium concentrations of CO2 b. Bring the climate change impacts of different greenhouse gases to a common unit c. To equate to CO2 emissions to the associated costs d. To estimate the local CO2 concentrations
Bring the climate change impacts of different greenhouse gases to a common unit
Which of the following are ozone-depleting substances? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. CFCs b. Halons c. HFCs d. NOx
CFCs Halons HFCs
What is the main cause of ocean acidification? Select one: a. SO2 and NOx b. CH4 c. CO2 d. O3
CO2
Which of the following are endpoint impacts? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Cancer b. Algal bloom c. Crop damage d. Animal death
Cancer Animal Death
For a large infrastructure project, you engage with community members early in the design stage and as each major decision is made, but you retain ultimate decision making control. This is best described as: Select one: a. Involving b. Collaborating c. Empowering d. Informing e. Consulting
Collaborating
In 2017, what was the US's 'grade' for infrastructure?
D+
The "eq" in terms such as CO2-eq stands for: Select one: a. Equation b. Equilibrium c. Equivalents d. Equity
Equivalents
Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are used to: Select one: a. Determine the differences in global warming potential across disparate pollutants b. Evaluate the impacts of different scenarios of greenhouse gas concentrations c. Evaluate the intensity of energy production as a function of economic productivity
Evaluate the impacts of different scenarios of greenhouse gas concentrations
Environmental justice requires: Select one: a. Additional enforcement of environmental laws to protect disadvantaged populations b. Exposure to environmental harm not disproportionately impacting one group c. Low exposure to environmental harm
Exposure to environmental harm not disproportionately impacting one group
According to the ISO Life Cycle Assessment Framework, Life Cycle Assessment is a one directional process. Select one: True False
False
All anthropogenic actions lead to increases in radiative forcings. Select one: True False
False
Architectural exclusion requires a physical barrier. Select one: True False
False
Architectural exclusion requires intent. Select one: True False
False
ISO stands for International Sustainability Organization Select one: True False
False
Ozone (O3) in the stratosphere leads to detrimental impacts on human health and ecosystems. Select one: True False
False
Sustainable development calls for sacrificing meeting our needs today so that future generations can meet theirs. Select one: True False
False
The "Macy's Holdout Corner" is an example of the successful deployment of eminent domain. Select one: True False
False
We see pronounced differences in the damages from CO2 depending on the location of the emission. Select one: True False
False
When calculating the social cost of carbon, the impacts in the future have the same value as the impacts felt today. Select one: True False
False
When performing an LCA on a product, conforming to the ISO LCA Standard guarantees the same answer from different parties. Select one: True False
False
In the ISO Life Cycle Assessment Framework, what are included in "Goal and scope definition?" Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Material inventory b. Functional unit c. System boundary d. Purpose of study
Functional unit System boundary Purpose of study
Which are examples of LULUs? Select one or more: a. Lower property values b. An advocacy group against local development c. Hospital d. Noise e. Particulate matter f. Landfill
Hospital Landfill
There are Sustainable Development Goals that relate to: (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Inequality b. Climate change c. Aquatic ecosystems d. Poverty e. Economic growth
Inequality Climate change Aquatic ecosystems Poverty Economic growth
The "design and defend" approach would best be characterized as which level of stakeholder engagement: Select one: a. Consulting b. Informing c. Empowering d. Collaborating e. Involving
Informing
Select the statements that were supported by Lecture 1.2 content: Select one or more: a. Economic growth must exclusively come at the expense of environmental conservation b. Intergenerational well-being is a goal of sustainability c. Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. d. The goals of sustainable development can be achieved exclusively through environmental preservation
Intergenerational well-being is a goal of sustainability Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Which of the following questions involve(s) Life Cycle Thinking? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Do people living in shared housing have high risks of infecting COVID-19? b. Is paper, plastic, or textile bags the most environmentally friendly option for carrying groceries? c. Which building design results in the lowest overall environmental impact d. What is the most environmentally friendly way to package and transport food?
Is paper, plastic, or textile bags the most environmentally friendly option for carrying groceries? Which building design results in the lowest overall environmental impact What is the most environmentally friendly way to package and transport food?
Mohai and Saha found that siting decisions follow the path of least resistance. What does this mean? Select one: a. LULUs tend be located in communities with the least political power. b. Pollution has the greatest impact on sensitive populations. c. The power eminent domain allows for more rapid infrastructure development.
LULUs tend be located in communities with the least political power.
The gravitational constant, G, is defined as 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/(kg2). G has dimensions of ___. Select one: a. ML3T-2 b. M-1L3T-2 c. M-2L2T-2 d. M-1L2T-1
M-1L3T-2
You are conducting an LCA to compare the environmental impacts of riding an electric bike vs taking a public bus. Why would you not choose "one mile of transport" as the functional unit for your study? Select one: a. You have to park the electric bike b. You plan on traveling many miles c. More than one person is typically riding the bus at any given time d. The electric bike is personally owned
More than one person is typically riding the bus at any given time
Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas? Select one: a. N2O b. NO2 c. CH4 d. CO2
NO2
Tropospheric ozone formation is governed by complex chemical reactions, which are influenced by ambient concentrations of ___. Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. NOx b. VOCs c. CO2 d. Particulate matter
NOx VOCs
In the Tessum et al. paper, they found that Hispanic and Black populations experience a "pollution burden" because (select all that apply): Select one or more: a. On average, they consume less than non-Hispanic Whites b. On average, they are subjected to higher levels of pollution than non-Hispanic Whites c. On average, they have lower rates of health insurance coverage than non-Hispanic Whites
On average, they consume less than non-Hispanic Whites On average, they are subjected to higher levels of pollution than non-Hispanic Whites
You are conducting an LCA to compare the environmental impacts of two pavement designs for a highway. Why might "one mile of highway" be an inadequate functional unit? Select one: a. People may prefer one option for aesthetic reasons b. One option is far more commonly used c. The cost of the options have not been considered d. One pavement design may last longer than the other
One pavement design may last longer than the other
You plan to use the divide and conquer technique to estimate the number of people who would use a proposed train station each year. What term would be suitable for the top of your tree diagram? Select one: a. Passengers/year b. Miles/hour c. Trains/day d. Average occupancy rate
Passengers/year
Difference in damages from a ton of a given pollutant across regions may be driven by (select all that apply): Select one or more: a. Population density b. Prevailing wind direction c. The mix of local industries
Population density Prevailing wind direction
You are asked to estimate the number of major airports in the United States using proportional reasoning. You know that North Carolina has two major airports and a population of about 10 million. You also know that the US population is about 330 million, so you assume that the US has 33 times as many airports as North Carolina (i.e., roughly 66 major airports in the US). What was your invariant in your estimation? Select one: a. Area served/airport b. Airports/state c. North Carolina population d. Population/airport
Population/airport
What were the impact(s) of the low overpasses near Jones Beach? (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. The maintenance costs were significantly reduced. b. Public transit was not a viable option. c. The transit time from New York City was reduced. d. Lower income people could not access the beach.
Public transit was not a viable option. Lower income people could not access the beach.
The adverse impacts of increasing costs associated with a carbon tax could be alleviated by (select all the apply): Select one or more: a. Reducing other taxes, such as sales or property taxes b. Investing in energy efficiency c. Replacing fossil fuels with renewables in the power system d. Issuing rebates to consumers
Reducing other taxes, such as sales or property taxes Investing in energy efficiency Replacing fossil fuels with renewables in the power system Issuing rebates to consumers
Fuel combustion and energy use are the primary cause of (select all that apply): Select one or more: a. Eutrophication b. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion c. Acidification d. Smog
Smog
Which pillar of sustainability is missing? Economic, Environmental,
Society
What do the "leaves" represent in a tree diagram? Select one: a. Structural uncertainties b. Parametric uncertainties c. Subdivisions of the goal
Subdivisions of the goal
Annual cycles for global atmospheric CO2 concentrations are driven by: Select one: a. Variations in power plant operations b. The different mass of vegetation between the Northern and Southern hemispheres c. Variations in the output from solar and wind power d. Annual variations in driving distances and the associated oil combustion
The different mass of vegetation between the Northern and Southern hemispheres
You are conducting an LCA to compare the environmental impacts of incandescent lightbulbs and LEDs, which are far more efficient. Why would you not choose "1 kWh" as the functional unit for your study? Select one: a. The upfront cost of the options varies greatly b. It is difficult to precisely measure the electricity consumption c. There are different manufacturing burdens between the options d. The lightbulbs' function is not to consume electricity
The lightbulbs' function is not to consume electricity
Which of these statements is consistent with the theory of choice design? (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. The options offered influence the choices people make. b. Choosing "no action" is not a neutral choice. c. There is a default bias, meaning that people often accept the choice that requires no action.
The options offered influence the choices people make. Choosing "no action" is not a neutral choice. There is a default bias, meaning that people often accept the choice that requires no action.
Under a standard cap and trade program, we set which of the following: Select one: a. The damages per unit mass of the pollutant b. The cost of a pollutant per unit mass c. The total economy-wide mass of the pollutant
The total economy-wide mass of the pollutant
How did the Maple Ridge Wind Farm successfully engage with local stakeholders? (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. They empowered the landowners to select the location of the turbines. b. They compensated the landowners directly. c. They guaranteed that the electricity would be used locally.
They compensated the landowners directly.
According to the IPCC Summary Report, 1983-2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period in the Northern Hemisphere in the last 1400 years (medium confidence). Select one: True False
True
Architectural exclusion separates community members or groups from others or restricts passage. Select one: True False
True
Damages reflect the value of a pollutant's externalities. Select one: True False
True
Dimensional analysis can tell you if an equation is wrong, but is not sufficient to tell you that it is correct. Select one: True False
True
The code of ethics for American Society for Civil expects engineers to adhere to the principles of sustainable development. Select one: True False
True
Which organization developed the SDGs? Select one: a. USA b. UN c. WHO d. NATO
UN
For an equation to be dimensionally consistent, the dimensional exponents must: Select one: a. be the same on both sides of the equation b. sum to 1 c. sum to 0 d. be integers
be the same on both sides of the equation
You are trying to estimate your gas costs for the coming year. Which of the following contribute(s) parametric uncertainties? (select all that apply) Select one or more: a. Your model only accounts for your car and does not account for rental cars. b. You are not sure about your vehicle miles traveled and need to make a guess. c. You make a guess in the average fuel economy (e.g., miles per gallon) of your car.
You are not sure about your vehicle miles traveled and need to make a guess. You make a guess in the average fuel economy (e.g., miles per gallon) of your car.
You are trying to estimate the mass of concrete needed for a highway project. An example of structural uncertainty in your model may be: Select one: a. You simplified your model to exclude on-ramps and off-ramps. b. You measured the density of the concrete with a mass balance that rounds to the nearest kg. c. There are irreducible variability in the depth of the finished road.
You simplified your model to exclude on-ramps and off-ramps.
What are the dimensions of velocity? Select one: a. [LT]-1 b. [T] c. [MT-1] d. [LT-1]
[LT-1]
Which of the followings is/are climate impacts? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Changing precipitation patterns b. More frequent and higher temperatures c. Sea level rise, storm surge
a. Changing precipitation patterns b. More frequent and higher temperatures c. Sea level rise, storm surge
Which of the following are impacts of rising temperatures and extreme heat events? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Decrease in the carrying capability of the transmission grid b. Reduction in the generation capacity of thermoelectric power plants c. Increase in the electricity demand for air conditioning d.Increased electricity demand for resistance heating.
a. Decrease in the carrying capability of the transmission grid b. Reduction in the generation capacity of thermoelectric power plants c. Increase in the electricity demand for air conditioning
Which of the following are examples of climate change adaptation for the transportation sector? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Dedicate crews for quick repairs of transportation infrastructure b. Replace and/or reconstruct highway and bridge expansion joints c. Reduce fossil fuel use in light duty vehicles d. Build longer runways at airports
a. Dedicate crews for quick repairs of transportation infrastructure b. Replace and/or reconstruct highway and bridge expansion joints d. Build longer runways at airports
Which of the following are examples of climate change mitigation? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Improving the average fuel economy of light duty vehicles b. Selecting pavement materials that can better withstand extreme temperatures c. Eliminating fugitive methane emissions from landfills d. Building a 100 MW solar photovoltaic facility
a. Improving the average fuel economy of light duty vehicles c. Eliminating fugitive methane emissions from landfills d. Building a 100 MW solar photovoltaic facility
Which are examples of externalities? Select one or more: a. Obstructed views b. Noise c. Lower property values d. Landfill e. Hospital f. An advocacy group against local development
a. Obstructed views b. Noise c. Lower property values
Which of the following infrastructure can be affected by sea level rising? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. Rail b. Roads c. Bridges d. Airports
a. Rail b. Roads c. Bridges d. Airports
Climate change has the potential to adversely impact agricultural productivity through alterations in (select all that apply): Select one or more: a. altered patterns of pest pressure b. rainfall patterns c. more frequent occurrences of climate extremes (e.g., high temperatures or drought)
a. altered patterns of pest pressure b. rainfall patterns c. more frequent occurrences of climate extremes (e.g., high temperatures or drought)
Match the pollutant with the environmental impact. Excess fertilizer runoff leads to: Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide lead to: Carbon dioxide emissions lead to: Release of CFCs which are used as refrigerants
eutrophication acidification climate change ozone depletion
For fine particulates, the dominant contributor to damages is: Select one: a. materials depreciation b. human health c. reduced visibility d. property damage
human health
Which of the following is the possible unit for dimensions [ML2T-2]: Select one: a.kg*m2/(s3) b.kg/m*s2 c.kg*m/(s2) d. kg*m2/(s2)
kg*m2/(s2)
What are possible units for x when y has dimensions of [L-1M] and z has dimensions of [L2T-2], given the following equation (check all that apply) 4x = y2z Select one or more: a. miles per hour b. kg2/(s2) c. tonne2/(hr2) d. yd3/day
kg2/(s2) tonne2/(hr2)
Which of the following are dimensions (check all that apply): Select one or more: a. length b. kilograms c. temperature d. hours
length temperature
What is/are the most likely reasons innovation was slow at the beginning of human history? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. people weren't as intelligent b. low density of people c. innovation could be deadly
low density of people innovation could be deadly
The fundamental dimensions M, L, and T stand for: Select one: a. meters, liters, temperature b. magnitude, longevity, time c. mass, length, time
mass, length, time
A company borrowed $20,000 at 8% interest, compounded monthly. 8% is which of the following: Select one: a. per period interest b. nominal interest c. effective annual interest
nominal interest