CE Psychology Exam 2(Chapters 3 and 4)
According to the Focus on Neuroscience box: The Addicted Brain, what is the biological basis for drug tolerance? A) the brain's rewards pathways adapt to the high dopamine levels, with repeated drug use B) addictive drugs gradually create new but abnormal neura; pathways in the brain's limbic system C) as the brain adjusts to the addictive substance, the threshold to activate neurons in the brain's motor and sensory areas is greatly increased D) the brain counteracts the effects of the addictive drug by overproducing the neurotransmitter serotonin
A
According to the text discussion, age regression: A) is the use of hypnosis to recall or re experience an earlier time in the lifespan B) reliably produces vivid and accurate memories of events that occured during an earlier developmental period C) is especially useful in the uncovering the authentic details of childhood events that have been repressed from memory, such as abuse D) is dangerous because the person many not be able to return to his or her actual age
A
According to the text which body areas are LEAST sensitive to pain? A) the tip of your nose, soles of your feet, and balls of your thumbs B) your ankles, your wrists, and your earlobes C) the back of your knee, your neck, and the bend of your elbows D) your fingertips, your toes, and your upper arms
A
Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____. A) REM sleep;NREM sleep B) parasomnia;dyssomnia C) NREM sleep;REM sleep D) dyssomnia;parasomnia
A
Because attention is limited in capacity, we tend to: A) focus on information that is most relevant to our immediate or long-term goals B) always hear our name mentioned at a party C) Be easily hypnotized D) get overwhelmed by all sights, sounds, and other sensations in the external environments
A
Current research concludes that dreams: A) reflect the waking concerns and preoccupations of the dreamer and the active processes of trying to make sense of a stimuli produced by the brain during sleep B) represent the fulfillment of repressed wishes and urges C) contain images that disguise the dream's true psychological meaning D) have no meaning whatsoever and simply reflect random neural firings in the brainstem
A
Distance cues that involve both eyes are called _____ cues. A) binocular B) telescopic C) monocular D) microscopic
A
Dr. Repetti is a sleep researcher who wishes to record the rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain. He is most likely to use which of the following methods? A) recording brain waves on an electroencephalograph B) tracking changes in breathing, blood pressure, and body temperature C) doing electrocardiography tests D) monitoring blood levels of melatonin
A
If you are like most people, you experience daily fluctuations in many bodily processes, such as blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and so on. These daily variations in biological and psychological processes are called: A) circadian rhythms B) delta brain wave activity C) REM rebound effects D) free-running conditions
A
In a study examining the brains of people who practice meditation, MRI scans showed that: A) cortical thickness was positively correlated with meditation experience B) several cortical areas were thinner in the meditators' brains than in the nonmeditators C) the meditators had less gray matter in regions associated with attention, emotion, and sensory processing D) meditators and nonmeditators have identical brains
A
In contrast to sensation, the term perception is formally defined as the: A) process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory data B) process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure C) active mental process of understanding the meaning of a new, difficult concept D) way in which different areas of the brain interact
A
Jake is nearsighted, and his cousin Janelle is farsighted. Their visual problems are caused by the fact that: A) the images are not properly focused on the retina B) the cornea is clouded due to age or disease C) the size of the blind spot has increased D) the pupil no longer dilates in dim light
A
Narcolepsy is characterized by: A) overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, which are called microsleeps or sleep attacks B) episodes of increased physiological arousal, intense fear, panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode in the morning C) the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story and acting accordingly D) abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep
A
Pain begins when an intense stimulus activates sensory fibers called _____ in the skin, muscles, or internal organs. A) nociceptors B) Pacinian corpuscles C) proprioceptors D) D-delta fibers and B fibers
A
Recent research using subliminal perception has shown that: A) faces paired with a pleasant subliminal odor received the highest likeability ratings, while faces with an unpleasant subliminal odor received the lowest ratings B) people are more strongly affected by subliminally presented product advertisements with odors than by regular advertisements without odors C) we tend to avoid products that are subliminally advertised, regardless of whether the subliminal advertisement is accompanied by pleasant or unpleasant odors D) faces paired with a pleasant subliminal odor received the lowest likeability ratings, while faces paired with an unpleasant subliminal odor received the highest rankings
A
Sharp, intense, immediate, and short-lived pain is transmitted by: A) A-delta fibers B) C fibers C) proprioceptors in the skin and joints D) both C and A-delta fibers
A
Sleep disorders involve: A) consistently occurring abnormal sleep patterns that cause subjective distress and interfere with a person's daytime functioning B) regular sleep disruptions that do not cause subjective distress C) symptoms that resemble stimulant-induced psychosis D) a consistent need to sleep eight hours or more per night and an intense desire to have afternoon naps
A
The effects of posthypnotic suggestions: A) usually last for about a year B) typically last for only a few hours or days C) are permanent, unless they are removed or cancelled by a signal from the hypnotist D) have never been demonstrated in controlled scientific studies
A
The process by which physical energy, such as light, is converted into a coded neural signal that can be transmitted to and interpreted by the brain is called: A) transduction B) gate-control theory C) sensation D) the mere exposure effect
A
The receptor cells for vision are sensitive to what kind of stimulus? A) light B) heat C) airborne molecules D) chemical molecules
A
The sensation of taste results from the activation of receptor cells by what kind of stimuli? A) chemical substances dissolved in saliva B) electromagnetic energy C) airborne proprioceptors D) airborne nociceptors
A
The term gestalt means a(n): A) unified whole, form, or shape B) perceptual illusion C) perceptual principle or law D) unexplainable paranormal experience or event
A
The___develop from brain tissue and combine, analyze, and encode visual information in the retina. A) ganglion cells B) bipolar cells C) cones D) trichromatic cells
A
To identify a particular odor, the brain: A) interprets the pattern of odor receptor cells that are stimulated B) determines the source of the odor C) responds to the location and size of the particular receptor cell that has been stimulated D) transfers neural messages to the thalamus for processing
A
Weber's law reminds us that our psychological experience of sensation is: A) relative B) fluid C) bidirectional D) inverse
A
What happens in the brain of a person who is addicted to a drug such as cocaine, heroin, or nicotine? A) the number of dopamine receptors in the brain's reward system decreases B) the number of endorphin receptors in the brain's reward system decreases C) the number of dopamine receptors in the brain's reward system increases D) the number of neurons that produce hypocretin in the hypothalamus are greatly reduced
A
Which of the following characterizes obstructive sleep apnea? A) the sleeper repeatedly stops breathing during sleep B) the dreamer is unable to control and guide the dream's story C) as the person is waking up but is not yet fully awake, he or she feels as though they are unable to move D) the individual suddenly loses voluntary muscle control and strength, usually collapsing to the floor
A
Which of the following seems to be involved in causing sleepiness? A) high blood levels of adenosine B) low blood levels of adenosine C) low blood levels of melatonin D) high blood levels of dopamine
A
Which of the following statements best explains why consciousness has been viewed as a "stream" or "river"? A) Even though the contents of consciousness are constantly changing, we subjectively experience consciousness as being continuous and unbroken B) Although we are aware of some of the contents of consciousness, consciousness can only be understood if you look below the "water line", at thought processes of which we are unaware C) Consciousness can only be understood by looking at the environmental forces that shape our conscious thoughts D) Consciousness can only be understood by using introspection
A
Long-lasting throbbing and burning pain is transmitted by: A) A-delta fibers B) C fibers C) proprioceptors in the skin and joints D) both C and A-delta fibers
B
According to the Focus on Neuroscience box: The Addicted Brain, one effect of the biochemical changes that occur as a result of addiction to alcohol, heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines is that: A) anxiety creates a vicious cycle of insomnia and sleeplessness B) the normally reinforcing experiences of everyday life are no longer reinforcing or satisfying C) people make poor decisions because of damage to the frontal lobes D) inhibitions are lowered and there is a general loss of social self-consciousness
B
According to your textbook, factors that can decrease the perception of pain include: A) a sense of helplessness B) a sense of control C) anxiety D) focused attention on the pain area
B
Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it: A) is a stimulant B) depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions C) stimulates activity in regions of the brain that are involved with emotion, especially positive emotions D) increases activity in the motor regions while simultaneously decreasing activity in sensory regions
B
An influential theory for explaining the experience of pain is called the___theory of pain, which holds that the sensation of pain is controlled by a series of___in the spinal cord. A) substance P;neurotransmitters B) gate-control;gates C) place;gaps D) frequency;proprioceptors
B
As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves. A) alpha B) beta C) theta D) delta
B
As you are taking this test right now, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as: A) dissociation B) consciousness C) hypnagogic perception D) delta brain wave activity
B
Dan drinks a cup or two of strong coffee in the morning to help him wake up and get rid of his sleepiness. According to the In Focus box: What You Really Want to Know About Sleep, the common stimulant drug in coffee, caffeine, blocks receptors for a naturally occuring compound in the body called____, thus promoting wakefulness. A) hypocretin B) adenosine C) oxycodone D) dopamine
B
Depressant drugs: A) tend to increase a person's inhibitions B) inhibit the activity of the central nervous system C) are used to enhance mental alertness D) do not have the potential to produce addiction
B
Distance cues that require the use of only one eye are called__cues. A) kinesthetic B) monocular C) binocular D) vestibular
B
During hypnosis, people: A) lose all awareness of their surroundings B) are in a deep trance, which is similar to stage 4 NREM sleep C) temporarily suspend their sense of initiative D) can accurately recall memories from early childhood and infancy
B
Exposure to sunlight and other bright lights: A) increases the production of melatonin B) suppresses the production of melatonin C) suppresses the level of hypocretins in the brain D) reduces the incidence of sleep spindles
B
In psychology, the term sensation formally refers to: A) a vague feeling of excitement or pleasure B) the process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure C) the transformation of physical energy into chemical energy D) the interpretation and organization of sensory stimuli
B
Monitoring your intake of stimulants, creating conditions for a restful sleep and establishing a consistent sleep-wake schedule are techniques used to overcome insomnia and are collectively referred to as: A) stimulus therapy B) stimulus control therapy C) sleep therapy D) sleep control therapy
B
Opioids: A) powerful depressant drugs that increase anxiety and promote sleep B) mimic endorphins and occupy endorphin receptor sites in the brain C) include the prescription drugs Seconal and Nembutal D) are almost chemically identical to the neurotransmitter serotonin
B
Taste is also referred to as: A) olfaction B) gustation C) sensation D) perception
B
Ted went without sleep for two nights in order to study for a final exam. Ted can expect to experience: A) virtually no effect on his mental abilities and reaction time B) very brief episodes of sleep called microsleeps that occur during wakefulness C) REM sleep behavior disorder D) intense hypnagogic hallucinations
B
The best candidates for hypnosis are people who: A) are very shy B) can easily become immersed in fantasy and imaginary experiences C) seldom remember their dreams D) frequently have lucid dreams
B
The broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels psychologically and physically compelled to take a specific drug is: A) withdrawal B) addiction C) tolerance D) drug psychosis
B
The optic chiasm is the: A) junction of the ganglion and bipolar cells B) point at which the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross over to opposite sides of the brain C) point in the visual field at which peripheral vision begins D) place where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye, causing a blind spot or gap in vision
B
The sensory receptors for vision are: A) found in the pupil B) the rods and cones of the retina C) found in the lens and cornea D) distributed throughout the inner eye
B
The specialized receptor cells for flavor are found in the: A) nasal cavity B) taste buds C) cortex D) thalamus
B
The word anosmia refers to: A) a temporary or permanent loss of sensation in the arms or legs B) loss of olfactory sense C) loss of ability to distinguish among different colors D) a rare type of deafness, a condition in which people cannot distinguish between low-frequency and high-frequency sounds
B
This image depicts a cross section of the human eye. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing. A) 1=retina, 2=lens, 3=cornea, 4=fovea B) 1=cornea, 2=lens, 3=fovea, 4=retina C) 1=lens, 2=cornea, 3=retina, 4=fovea D) 1=fovea, 2=lens, 3=cornea, 4=optic chiasm
B
What is a lucid dream? A) It is a dream that accompanies REM activity in dogs, cats, and other mammals B) It is a dream in which you become aware that you are dreaming while you are still asleep C) It is a dream with very clear and lucid content that is always remembered in the morning D) It is a dream in which you are killed or die
B
When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect,____has occurred. A) the drug rebound effect B) tolerance C) addiction D) hypermnesia
B
When we draw on our knowledge, experiences, expectations, and other cognitive processes to arrive at meaningful perceptions, we are using: A) bottom-up processing B) top-down processing C) proprioception D) accommodation
B
____is the capacity to selectively focus senses and awareness on particular stimuli or effects of the environment. A) Consciousness B) Attention C) Awareness D) Rehearsal
B
bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as__is to___. A) kinesthetic processing;proprioceptive processing B) data-driven processing;conceptually driven processing C) perception;sensation D) vision;audition
B
A group of techniques that an individual uses to induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness in themself refers to: A) hypnosis B) somnambulism C) meditation D) hypermnesia
C
According to gate-control theory psychological factors can affect the experience of pain because: A) the thalamus is very responsive to suggestion B) the brain has the power to selectively block the responsiveness of particular free nerve endings C) the brain sends signals down the spinal cord to either open or close the pain gates D) stress blocks the release of endorphins
C
According to one important perceptual principle, when we look at a scene we automatically tend to separate the elements of that scene into an object and its background. This principle is called: A) perceptual constancy B) the law of closure C) figure-ground relationship D) the law of similarity
C
According to psychologists, the formal meaning of the term drug abuse is: A) the use of any drug to alter consciousness B) the use of any illegal drug C) recurrent substance use that involves impaired control, disruption of social occupational, and interpersonal functioning, and the development of craving, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms D) a pattern of recurrent drug use that results in physical addiction to an illegal drug
C
According to research presented in Focus on Neuroscience: The Dreaming Brain, REM sleep involves decreased activity in the: A) hippocampus B) occipital lobes C) frontal lobes D) brain stem
C
According to the text which body areas are MOST sensitive to pain? A) the tip of your nose, soles of your feet, and balls of your thumbs B) your ankles, your wrists, and your earlobes C) the back of your knee, your neck, and the bend of your elbows D) your fingertips, your toes, and your upper arms
C
According to your text phantom limb pain seems to be the result of: A) pain gates that are stuck in the open position B) the lack of kinesthetic awareness C) sensitization of the pain transmission pathways D) damage to the somatosensory or motor cortex in the brain
C
According to your textbook, factors that can increase the perception of pain include: A) laughter B) a sense of control, whether justified or not C) anxiety and a sense of helplessness D) distraction
C
As light waves enter the eye, which three structures do they pass through first? A) pupil, iris, lens B) cornea, iris, pupil C) cornea, pupil, lens D) fovea, iris, pupil
C
Changes in your body position are sensed by specialized receptors located in your muscles and joints which are called: A) kinesthetic receptors B) Vestibular sacs C) proprioceptors D) semicircular canals
C
Consciousness allows us to: A) Sleep peacefully at night B) avoid unpleasant memories C) integrate past, present, and future behavior D) cope with recurring anxiety and stress
C
Fred volunteered for a sleep deprivation study. After he is deprived of sleep for two nights: A) he is likely to experience episodes of cataplexy B) he will feel refreshed and alert once he gets his "second wind" C) it is very probable that he will experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills D) it is very probable that he will develop one of the most common dyssomnias, transient insomnia
C
On average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about: A) 20 minutes B) 1 hour C) 90 minutes D) 8 hours
C
Pseudomemories are: A) the same information someone is pretending is true when they know it is not B) impossible to create with adults using hypnosis C) inadvertently created when hypnosis is used to aid recall D) real memories recovered through hypnosis
C
Rods are used for vision in _____ light, and cones are used for vision in _____ light. A) bright;dim B) black;white C)dim;bright D) infrared;ultraviolet
C
The Culture and Human Behavior box "Ways of Seeing" discusses research on differences in perception between collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures and concluded that: A) there were no significant differences between cultures in perceiving things, and people in all cultures are the same in what they pay attention to and in how they think about things B) people from individualistic cultures have a more holistic perceptual style than those from collectivistic cultures C) all people use the same neural processes to make perceptual judgements, but there are cultural differences in what people pay attention to and in how they think about what they see D) people from collectivistic cultures perceive the world in completely different ways from those in individualistic cultures
C
The ability to perceive the three dimensions of an object, along with its distance from you, is called: A) texture gradient B) linear parallax C) depth perception D) relative perception
C
The flow of sensory data from the sensory receptors to the brain is called___processing. A) conceptually driven B) top-down C) bottom-up D) perceptually driven
C
The tendency to group objects that are close to one another as a single unit is called the law of___. A) closure B) similarity C) proximity D) good continuation
C
This image depicts a cross-section of the human eye. Which structure changes shape to focus incoming light? A) fovea B) retina C) lens D) cornea
C
When activated, the taste receptors send messages to the: A) olfactory cortex B) gustatory cortex C) thalamus D) hippocampus
C
Which of the following statements about nicotine is FALSE? A) when cigarette smoke is inhaled, nicotine reaches the brain in a matter of seconds B) in people who regularly use tobacco products, nicotine enhances mood, attention, and arousal C) because the nicotine in cigarette smoke and other tobacco products produces relaxation, nicotine is technically classified as a depressant D) nicotine activates a variety of brain areas, including the frontal lobes, the thalamus, and the hippocampus
C
Which part of the brain is thought to regulate the emotional response to odors? A) thalamus B) the olfactory cortex C) the limbic system D) the occipital cortex
C
According to the In Focus box on pheromones which of the following statements BEST summarizes the effects of pheromones on humans? A) human pheromones play an important role in regulating sexual attractiveness B) there is no evidence for the existence of human chemosignals or pheromones C) human pheromones exist but do not have any measurable effects on human behavior D) human pheromones exist and affect mood, emotional states, and social interactions
D
Chronic, long-term use of marijuana is associated with all of the following EXCEPT: A) tolerance B) problems with memory and learning C) withdrawal symptoms, including irritability, restlessness, insomnia, and tremors D) violent or aggressive outbursts
D
Cones are MOST concentrated in the: A) periphery of the eye B) optic disk C) optic chiasm D) fovea
D
Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____. A) NREM; voluntary muscle movements, including thrashing and sleepwalking B) NREM; deep minimal brain activity C) REM; voluntary muscle movements, talking and sleepwalking D) REM; physiological arousal and rapid movements of the eyes
D
Dyssomnias are: A) conditions in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original desired effect B) sleep disorders involving undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions and include sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleepwalking, sleep related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder C) maladaptive behavioral patterns that result in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning ot maladaptive patterns in legal or psychological problems D) sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
D
In a meditation training study where participants learned to meditate in an 8-week course, it was found that: A) cortical thickness was negatively correlated with meditation experience B) meditation does not alter the brain C) the new meditators showed gray-matter density decreases in several cortical areas D) the new meditators showed gray-matter density increases in several cortical areas
D
In general, sound waves are _____ in the outer ear and _____ in the middle ear. A) amplified; transduced B) amplified;collected C) transduced; collected D) collected;amplified
D
In the spinal cord, endorphins and enkephalins affect the pain response by: A) increasing heart rate, muscle tension, and breathing rate B) releasing substance A C) opening the gates D) inhibiting the transmission of pain signals
D
John puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold. He grits his teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes, the temperature of the water seems quite comfortable to him. This example illustrates the principle of: A) sensory difference B) just noticeable difference, or jnd. C) accommodation D) sensory adaptation
D
Loudness is to____as pitch is to____. A) frequency;timbre B) complexity;amplitude C)audition;gustation D)amplitude;frequency
D
Perception that is below the threshold of conscious perception or awareness is called: A) absolute perception B) ESP C) Weber's perception D) subliminal perception
D
The Gestalt psychologists: A) demonstrated that paranormal phenomena could be scientifically studied B) believed that all psychological phenomena could be analyzed in terms of simple units of behavior C) emphasized that we perceive isolated bits of information first and then we perceive whole figures D) emphasized that we perceive whole figures rather than isolated bits of information
D
The mere exposure effect refers to the: A) view that the basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound stimulus it is briefly exposed to B) fact that when people are repeatedly exposed to a novel stimulus, their liking for that that particular stimulus will decrease C) point at which a stimulus is strong enough to be detected because it activates sensory receptors after a brief exposure D) finding that repeated exposure to a particular stimulus leads to increased liking for that stimulus
D
The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: A) heroin B) marijuana C) cocaine D) caffeine
D
The sleep disorder characterized by episodes of walking ot performing other actions, typically during NREM stage 3 or 4 slow-wave sleep, is called: A) sexsomnia B) sleepsex C) REM sleep behavior disorder D) sleepwalking
D
The term kinesthetics means feelings of: A) sadness B) disorientation C) joy D) motion
D
This image depicts three of the key components involved in regulating your internal biological clock. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing. A) 1=pituitary gland, 2=pineal gland, 3=melatonin pathway B) 1=hypothalamus, 2=optic chiasm, 3=beta neural pathway C) 1=thalamus, 2=circadian center, 3=bipolar optic pathway D) 1=pineal gland, 2=suprachiasmatic nucleus, 3=optiv nerve
D
We have a blind spot in our field of vision, but we ordinarily don't notice it. What fills in the missing visual information? A) bipolar cells B) optic disk C) ganglion cells D) the brain
D
What makes sensation possible? A) conceptually driven processes B) absolute thresholds C) Weber's law D) sensory receptors
D
Which of the following people said that dreams are the "disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes" and provide "the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious mind"? A) Harvard researcher J. Allan Hobson, author of The Dreaming Brain B) Stanford University researcher Ernest R. Hilgard, author of Divided Consciousness C) William James, author of principles of psychology D) Sigmund Freud, author of The Interpretation of Dreams
D
Which of the following statements about alcohol is FALSE? A) women metabolize alcohol more quickly than men B) blood levels of alcohol will rise more slowly if food is consumed while drinking an alcoholic beverage C) for the person who is physically addicted to alcohol, withdrawal from alcohol causes hyperexcitability in the brain D) alcohol's effects on the brain are global
D
Which of the following statements about the suprachiasmatic nucleus is FALSE? A) the suprachiasmatic nucleus is your internal "biological clock." B) the suprachiasmatic nucleus governs the timing of circadian rhythms, including the sleep/wake cycle and the mental alertness cycle C) the suprachiasmatic nucleus is a cluster of neurons located int he brain structure called the hypothalamus D) the suprachiasmatic nucleus secretes a naturally occuring compound called adenosine that increases mental alertness
D
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding dreams? A) people usually have four or five dreaming episodes each night B) the first REM episode of the night is the shortest, lasting only about 10 minutes C) early morning dreams, which can last for 40 minutes or longer, are the dreams most likely to be remembered D) All of these statements are true regarding dreams
D
Without__our perception of reality would be in a continual state of flux. A) depth perception B) sensation C) motion cues D) perceptual constancy
D
