Cell Cycle
Number of nuclear divisions in mitosis
1
Number of nuclear divisions in meiosis
2
Meiosis one results in
2 haploid cells
Some cells in the human body only have...chromosomes (gametes)
23
The tetrad contains
4 chromatids
Meiosis two results in
4 haploid cells
How many chromosomes are found in most human cells? (Somatic cells)
46
What is the cell cycle?
A series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter cells
What is cancer?
An uncontrolled growth and division of cells
During what phase of mitosis do centromeres divide and the chromosomes move toward their respective poles?
Anaphase
The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell in (which phase) in mitosis?
Anaphase
The sister chromatids are moving apart in...(which phase) in mitosis?
Anaphase
Sister chromatids split apart, two chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell (cell elongates), and two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes in mitosis
Anaphase (shortest phase)
Sister chromatids separate and move toward poles
Anaphase 2
Cleavage furrow develops that will split the cell membrane in two in what phase of the cell cycle for animal or plant?
Animal cells cytokinesis:
What happens during G2 of interphase?
Another growth phase, chromatin begin to condense
During development some cells go through a programmed cell growth called
Apoptosis
What type of reproduction is mitosis?
Asexual
What is a stem cell and how is it used for medical purposes?
Basic animal cells that are used for treating diseases
What is the process in which bacteria/prokaryotes reproduce?
Binary fission
How many interphases are in mitosis and meiosis?
Both have 1 interphase at the beginning
An integral part of the cell cycle which results in generally identical daughter cells and the cell duplicates genetic material
Cell division
What forms across the center of a plant cell near the end of telophase?
Cell plate
What happens during G1 of interphase?
Cell undergoes the majority of its growth (usually doubles in size)
What organelle involved in mitosis is only found in animals cells?
Centrioles
What is the name of the structure that connects the two chromatids?
Centromere
In a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome called?
Chromatid
One of two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome
Chromatids
Explain the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes
Chromatin are the stringy messy DNA that you can't see and chromosomes are two sister chromatids put together (by a centromere)
What happens during prophase in mitosis?
Chromatin condense into chromosomes, spindle fibers begin to form, and nuclear membrane breaks down
In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense and each duplicated chromosome is made of two sister chromatids, which separate in cell division
Chromosome duplication
Threadlike structures made up of DNA that coil up around proteins called histones and contains genetic info passed from parents to offspring
Chromosomes
The exchange of portions of sister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis 1
Crossing over
Proteins that regulate whether the cell will continue into the next phase or not
Cyclins
Last stage of the cell cycle where the cell splits into two halves (animal or plant cell way)
Cytokinesis
What is the phase where cell division occurs?
Cytokinesis
Cell splits resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells
Cytokinesis 2
What are two parts of cell division?
Cytokinesis and mitosis
How many times does cytokinesis happen in meiosis?
Cytokinesis happens twice in meiosis
Cell has both sets of homologous (identical) chromosomes. One chromosome comes from the mother and the other from the father for a set of two
Diploid (2n)
Mitosis produces two (diploid or haploid)
Diploid cells
What happens during S of interphase?
Each chromosome replicates to produce sister chromatids
Two types of gametes
Eggs and sperm
Interphase is the
First and longest phase of the cell cycle
The result of meiosis is
Four genetically different cells
Cell undergoes majority of growth (usually doubles) in what stage of interphase?
G1/growth 1 (interphase)
Another growth phase, chromatin begins to condense in what stage of interphase?
G2/growth 2 (interphase)
Types of cells that undergo meiosis (areas of the body)
Germ cells (gametes)
Cell only has a single set of chromosomes
Haploid (N)
Meiosis produces 4 (diploid or haploid)
Haploid cells
Why are cells small rather than large?
If the cell is too big DNA can't make enough proteins to support the cell
Describe the shape of bacterial DNA
In the shape of a circle (plasmid)
Chromosomes are not visible in (which phase) in the cell cycle?
Interphase
Chromosomes are replicated in (which phase) in the cell cycle?
Interphase
The organization phase
Interphase
The period of cell growth and development between mitotic divisions?
Interphase
What phase are daughter cells in as a result of mitosis?
Interphase
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by a non dividing cell?
Interphase
Binary fission phases
Interphase (DNA replication) followed by cytokinesis (splitting of cell membrane and cytoplasm)
What are the three parts of the cell cycle?
Interphase(3 stages), Mitosis(PMAT), and cytokenesis
3 phases of the cell cycle in order
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Visual representation of the chromosomes in a cell
Karyotype
Behavior of chromosomes during metaphase in meiosis
Line up in the middle as HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes
Behavior of chromosomes during metaphase in mitosis
Line up in the middle as INDIVIDUAL chromosomes
In order to reproduce, a cell must
Make copies of its DNA and organelles
Fibers pull apart tetrads separating the homologous chromosomes
Meiosis 1 anaphase 1
2 cells separate as cytoplasm pinches in
Meiosis 1 cytokinesis
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes -tetrads line up in the middle of the cell
Meiosis 1 metaphase 1
Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad -results in exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and is essential for genetic diversity (what phase in meiosis)
Meiosis 1 prophase 1
Chromosomes gather at opposite poles -nuclear membranes reform
Meiosis 1 telophase 1
Chromatids line up along the equator in (which phase) in mitosis?
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in an imaginary line on the metaphase plate (mitosis)
Metaphase
The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell in...(which phase) in mitosis?
Metaphase
Which phase of mitosis is the last phase that chromatids are together?
Metaphase
Individual chromosomes line up in the middle
Metaphase 2
During which stage of the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
Mitosis
Second stage of the cell cycle that produces two new nuclei that are both genetically identical to the original cell
Mitosis
PMAT (what it stands for) are the four parts of
Mitosis Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Cell plate develops between two daughter cells and will form the new cell wall between them in what phase of the cell cycle for animal or plant?
Plant cell cytokinesis:
The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view in...(which phase) in mitosis?
Prophase
The nucleolus begins to fade from view in... (Which phase) in mitosis?
Prophase
The spindle is formed in (which phase) in mitosis?
Prophase
What is the phase in mitosis where chromatin condenses to form chromosomes?
Prophase
Chromatin condense into individual chromosomes, spindle fibers begin to form and the nuclear membrane breaks down (mitosis)
Prophase (longest stage)
What phase is essential for genetic diversity?
Prophase 1
No interphase. Nuclear membranes break down
Prophase 2
Lost the four stages of mitosis in order
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
What type of reproduction is meiosis?
Sexual
What happens during anaphase in mitosis?
Sister chromatids split apart and the two chromosomes more toward opposite ends of the cell (cell elongates), two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes
Types of cells that undergo mitosis (areas of the body)
Somatic cells
What structure forms in prophase along which the chromosomes move?
Spindle fiber
What structure is produced when protein fibers radiate from centrioles?
Spindle fiber
What are spindle fibers and what do they do in cell division?
Stucture that forms in prophase along which chromosomes move
Each chromosome replicates to produce sister chromatids (attached at the centromere) in what stage of interphase?
Synthesis/ S stage (synthesis)
A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes in...(which phase) in mitosis?
Telophase
Cytokinesis is completed in (which phase) in mitosis?
Telophase
The cell plate is completed in (which phase) in mitosis?
Telophase
The chromosomes become invisible in...(which phase) in mitosis?
Telophase
The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided in (which phase) in mitosis?
Telophase
The division/cleavage furrow appears in...(which phase) in mitosis?
Telophase
The reverse of prophase (which phase) in mitosis?
Telophase
Two daughter nuclei form, chromosomes become less condensed. Mitosis is complete
Telophase
Chromosomes gather at opposite poles of the cell
Telophase 2
The process of cell reproduction by which a cell grows and divides into two daughter cells is
The cell cycle
What is cytokinesis in mitosis?
The last stage of the cell and where cell splits into two halves (animal or plant way)
Behavior of chromosomes in prophase (meiosis)
They pair up to form retreads and cross over
4 reasons why cells divide
To Maintain high surface to volume ratio, to repair damaged cells, to replace dead cells, and for the growth of the organisms
Name two reasons that cells must divide
To get things into the cell at an efficient rate, to remove things from the cell quickly, and because the DNA limits cell size
Telophase and cytokinesis occur simultaneously true or false?
True
What happens during telophase in mitosis?
Two daughter nuclei form, chromosomes become less condensed and mitosis is complete
What are sister chromatids?
Two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome
What does a karyotype show?
Visual representation of chromosomes in a cell
What is crossing over in homologous chromosomes?
When parts of chromosomes switch places
What is the result of mitosis? (What do you get at the end of mitosis?)
You get two daughter nuclei
What is fertilization?
fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
do homologous chromosomes code for the same or different traits
homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but code for different traits