Cell Cycle

Number of nuclear divisions in mitosis

1

Number of nuclear divisions in meiosis

2

Meiosis one results in

2 haploid cells

Some cells in the human body only have...chromosomes (gametes)

23

The tetrad contains

4 chromatids

Meiosis two results in

4 haploid cells

How many chromosomes are found in most human cells? (Somatic cells)

46

What is the cell cycle?

A series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA to produce two daughter cells

What is cancer?

An uncontrolled growth and division of cells

During what phase of mitosis do centromeres divide and the chromosomes move toward their respective poles?

Anaphase

The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell in (which phase) in mitosis?

Anaphase

The sister chromatids are moving apart in...(which phase) in mitosis?

Anaphase

Sister chromatids split apart, two chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell (cell elongates), and two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes in mitosis

Anaphase (shortest phase)

Sister chromatids separate and move toward poles

Anaphase 2

Cleavage furrow develops that will split the cell membrane in two in what phase of the cell cycle for animal or plant?

Animal cells cytokinesis:

What happens during G2 of interphase?

Another growth phase, chromatin begin to condense

During development some cells go through a programmed cell growth called

Apoptosis

What type of reproduction is mitosis?

Asexual

What is a stem cell and how is it used for medical purposes?

Basic animal cells that are used for treating diseases

What is the process in which bacteria/prokaryotes reproduce?

Binary fission

How many interphases are in mitosis and meiosis?

Both have 1 interphase at the beginning

An integral part of the cell cycle which results in generally identical daughter cells and the cell duplicates genetic material

Cell division

What forms across the center of a plant cell near the end of telophase?

Cell plate

What happens during G1 of interphase?

Cell undergoes the majority of its growth (usually doubles in size)

What organelle involved in mitosis is only found in animals cells?

Centrioles

What is the name of the structure that connects the two chromatids?

Centromere

In a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome called?

Chromatid

One of two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome

Chromatids

Explain the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes

Chromatin are the stringy messy DNA that you can't see and chromosomes are two sister chromatids put together (by a centromere)

What happens during prophase in mitosis?

Chromatin condense into chromosomes, spindle fibers begin to form, and nuclear membrane breaks down

In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and the chromosomes condense and each duplicated chromosome is made of two sister chromatids, which separate in cell division

Chromosome duplication

Threadlike structures made up of DNA that coil up around proteins called histones and contains genetic info passed from parents to offspring

Chromosomes

The exchange of portions of sister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis 1

Crossing over

Proteins that regulate whether the cell will continue into the next phase or not

Cyclins

Last stage of the cell cycle where the cell splits into two halves (animal or plant cell way)

Cytokinesis

What is the phase where cell division occurs?

Cytokinesis

Cell splits resulting in 4 haploid daughter cells

Cytokinesis 2

What are two parts of cell division?

Cytokinesis and mitosis

How many times does cytokinesis happen in meiosis?

Cytokinesis happens twice in meiosis

Cell has both sets of homologous (identical) chromosomes. One chromosome comes from the mother and the other from the father for a set of two

Diploid (2n)

Mitosis produces two (diploid or haploid)

Diploid cells

What happens during S of interphase?

Each chromosome replicates to produce sister chromatids

Two types of gametes

Eggs and sperm

Interphase is the

First and longest phase of the cell cycle

The result of meiosis is

Four genetically different cells

Cell undergoes majority of growth (usually doubles) in what stage of interphase?

G1/growth 1 (interphase)

Another growth phase, chromatin begins to condense in what stage of interphase?

G2/growth 2 (interphase)

Types of cells that undergo meiosis (areas of the body)

Germ cells (gametes)

Cell only has a single set of chromosomes

Haploid (N)

Meiosis produces 4 (diploid or haploid)

Haploid cells

Why are cells small rather than large?

If the cell is too big DNA can't make enough proteins to support the cell

Describe the shape of bacterial DNA

In the shape of a circle (plasmid)

Chromosomes are not visible in (which phase) in the cell cycle?

Interphase

Chromosomes are replicated in (which phase) in the cell cycle?

Interphase

The organization phase

Interphase

The period of cell growth and development between mitotic divisions?

Interphase

What phase are daughter cells in as a result of mitosis?

Interphase

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by a non dividing cell?

Interphase

Binary fission phases

Interphase (DNA replication) followed by cytokinesis (splitting of cell membrane and cytoplasm)

What are the three parts of the cell cycle?

Interphase(3 stages), Mitosis(PMAT), and cytokenesis

3 phases of the cell cycle in order

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Visual representation of the chromosomes in a cell

Karyotype

Behavior of chromosomes during metaphase in meiosis

Line up in the middle as HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes

Behavior of chromosomes during metaphase in mitosis

Line up in the middle as INDIVIDUAL chromosomes

In order to reproduce, a cell must

Make copies of its DNA and organelles

Fibers pull apart tetrads separating the homologous chromosomes

Meiosis 1 anaphase 1

2 cells separate as cytoplasm pinches in

Meiosis 1 cytokinesis

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes -tetrads line up in the middle of the cell

Meiosis 1 metaphase 1

Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad -results in exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and is essential for genetic diversity (what phase in meiosis)

Meiosis 1 prophase 1

Chromosomes gather at opposite poles -nuclear membranes reform

Meiosis 1 telophase 1

Chromatids line up along the equator in (which phase) in mitosis?

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in an imaginary line on the metaphase plate (mitosis)

Metaphase

The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell in...(which phase) in mitosis?

Metaphase

Which phase of mitosis is the last phase that chromatids are together?

Metaphase

Individual chromosomes line up in the middle

Metaphase 2

During which stage of the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

Mitosis

Second stage of the cell cycle that produces two new nuclei that are both genetically identical to the original cell

Mitosis

PMAT (what it stands for) are the four parts of

Mitosis Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Cell plate develops between two daughter cells and will form the new cell wall between them in what phase of the cell cycle for animal or plant?

Plant cell cytokinesis:

The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view in...(which phase) in mitosis?

Prophase

The nucleolus begins to fade from view in... (Which phase) in mitosis?

Prophase

The spindle is formed in (which phase) in mitosis?

Prophase

What is the phase in mitosis where chromatin condenses to form chromosomes?

Prophase

Chromatin condense into individual chromosomes, spindle fibers begin to form and the nuclear membrane breaks down (mitosis)

Prophase (longest stage)

What phase is essential for genetic diversity?

Prophase 1

No interphase. Nuclear membranes break down

Prophase 2

Lost the four stages of mitosis in order

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

What type of reproduction is meiosis?

Sexual

What happens during anaphase in mitosis?

Sister chromatids split apart and the two chromosomes more toward opposite ends of the cell (cell elongates), two ends of the cell have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes

Types of cells that undergo mitosis (areas of the body)

Somatic cells

What structure forms in prophase along which the chromosomes move?

Spindle fiber

What structure is produced when protein fibers radiate from centrioles?

Spindle fiber

What are spindle fibers and what do they do in cell division?

Stucture that forms in prophase along which chromosomes move

Each chromosome replicates to produce sister chromatids (attached at the centromere) in what stage of interphase?

Synthesis/ S stage (synthesis)

A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes in...(which phase) in mitosis?

Telophase

Cytokinesis is completed in (which phase) in mitosis?

Telophase

The cell plate is completed in (which phase) in mitosis?

Telophase

The chromosomes become invisible in...(which phase) in mitosis?

Telophase

The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided in (which phase) in mitosis?

Telophase

The division/cleavage furrow appears in...(which phase) in mitosis?

Telophase

The reverse of prophase (which phase) in mitosis?

Telophase

Two daughter nuclei form, chromosomes become less condensed. Mitosis is complete

Telophase

Chromosomes gather at opposite poles of the cell

Telophase 2

The process of cell reproduction by which a cell grows and divides into two daughter cells is

The cell cycle

What is cytokinesis in mitosis?

The last stage of the cell and where cell splits into two halves (animal or plant way)

Behavior of chromosomes in prophase (meiosis)

They pair up to form retreads and cross over

4 reasons why cells divide

To Maintain high surface to volume ratio, to repair damaged cells, to replace dead cells, and for the growth of the organisms

Name two reasons that cells must divide

To get things into the cell at an efficient rate, to remove things from the cell quickly, and because the DNA limits cell size

Telophase and cytokinesis occur simultaneously true or false?

True

What happens during telophase in mitosis?

Two daughter nuclei form, chromosomes become less condensed and mitosis is complete

What are sister chromatids?

Two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome

What does a karyotype show?

Visual representation of chromosomes in a cell

What is crossing over in homologous chromosomes?

When parts of chromosomes switch places

What is the result of mitosis? (What do you get at the end of mitosis?)

You get two daughter nuclei

What is fertilization?

fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

do homologous chromosomes code for the same or different traits

homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but code for different traits