Cell Respiration
What does oxidative phosphorylation produce
32 ATP and carbon dioxide and water
What is chemiosmosis
A process that produces ATP through the diffusion of hydrogen ions across mitochondrial membrane
Competitive inhibition
A type of enzyme regulation in which the enzyme is in activated by substance that binds to the active site of the enzyme
PFK
ADP stimulates ATP inhibits
Different types of fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentaion
Facultative anaerobes
Can survive with or without oxygen
Respiratory control
Consumption of ATP causes ADP levels to increase
Use of NADH
Contains high energy electrons that would later be used to generate ATP
Use of FADH2
Electron carrier that will be used to generate ATP
What does alcoholic fermentation produce
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
What is glycolysis
First stage of aerobic respiration where one molecule of glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid
What are the energy gains and uses in glycolysis
Two molecules of ATP are required for glycolysis and glycolysis produces four ATP making a net gain of two ATP
What is produced from glycolysis
Two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH
Energy yields of the three phases of cellular respiration
Glycolysis: two ATP Krebs cycle: two ATP Electron transport chain: 32 ATP
Use of FAD+
H+ acceptor
Proton motive force
H+ zipping through ATPase provides a proton motive force for ADP + Pi -> ATP
How does chemiosmosis produce a proton gradient
Hydrogen ions are pumped into the inner membrane space. The potential energy of this gradient is responsible for producing ATP.
Noncompetitive inhibition (allosteric)
Type of enzyme regulation in which the enzyme is prevented from binding with the substrate at the active site. The inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme by binding at a site other than the active site
Where does glycolysis occur
In the cytoplasm/cytosol
Where does the Krebs cycle occur
In the inner mitochondrial matrix
Where does chemiosmosis occur
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What does lactic acid fermentation produce
Lactate
ATP
Main unit of energy within the cell
What is produced from the Krebs cycle
Net two ATP, six NADH, and two FADH2
What is the Krebs cycle
Oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed. Pyruvic acid and acetyl-CoA go to the Krebs cycle to produce oxaloacetic acid. Acetyl-CoA is then recycled, and the cycle repeats
Obligate aerobes
Oxygen is needed for survival
Obligate anaerobes
Oxygen kills
Key enzyme in glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) Is inhibited by high ATP levels (allosteric control) Is also inhibited by high citrate levels
Use of NAD+
Picks up high-energy electrons removed by an enzyme to form NADH
Cellular respiration
Process by which ATP is produced from the breakdown of glucose
What is oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
Process in which ATP is formed as electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by series of electron carriers. This is the major source of ATP in aerobes during complete glucose oxidation to carbon dioxide and water (32 of 36 ATP)
What does chemiosmosis produce
Proton gradient
What is the role of ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation
Protons flow back into the matrix to the ATP synthase complex. Proton motive force.
Fermentation
Pyruvate's pathway after glycolysis when no oxygen is present
Formation of acetyl CoA
Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria where each pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA and CO2 is released
What is oxygen's role in cellular respiration
oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport system. FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR!!!!!