CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: PARTS II & III // LAB EXAM #3

Five structures and additional structures of Prokaryotic Cells: Plasma Membrane Ribosomes DNA Nucleoid Cell Wall Pili Flagellum

-Encloses cell contents: DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. -Granular bodies in the cytoplasm that convert genetic information into protein structure. -One or more circular loops containing genetic information. -Free floating DNA within the cell -Protects and gives shape to the cell. -Hair-like projections that help cells attach to other surfaces. -Whip-like projection(s) that aids in cellular movement.

(B.T.)-Matrix

A non-cellular, fibrous substance found between the bone cells that gives lots of strength and a little flexibility to the bone tissue. The calcium that we hear about as being so important of strong bones is part of the fibers in bone matrix.

(C.T.)-Matrix

A non-cellular, fibrous substance found between the cartilage cells that gives strength and flexibility to the cartilage tissue.

What organelle do human blood cells lack?

A nucleus.

(B.T.)-Haversian Canal

A section in bone tissue containing blood vessels and nerves. It is visible as the central area in a group of concentric circles. The blood vessels may be visible in the Haversian canal.

Unicellular

A single celled organism (i.e. bacteria)

Lacunae

Black, dark spots

How are the bone tissue and cartilage tissue different?

Bone is more dense and rigid. The matrix is hard with calcium. There are no canals in cartilage tissue.

Sickle BC's

Causes blockage and cannot carry oxygen or carbon dioxide.

Imagine if human cells had a cell wall. How would that impact, or interfere with, daily life?

Cell walls would be more rigid-they cannot move. Our bones move and bend unlike plants that snap when bent.

Zygnema

Cells from green algae. Cell membrane is present but not easibly visible on this one. Stellite=starlite.

Hornwort

Cells of an aquatic plant. Contains chlorplasts.

Levels of Biological Organization

Cells-->Tissues-->Organs-->Organ System-->Organism

What advantage do chloroplasts provide to plant cells?

Chloroplasts turn sunlight into energy.

Multicellular

Composed of many cells (i.e. plant and animal cells)

Frog Blood Cells

Contain a cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.

Adipose

Contains 1 adipose cell, cell membrane, nucleus, and adipose tissue.

Columnar tissue

Contains a nucleus and cell membrane. It is a type of epithelial tissue. It is found in the sinuses, small intestines, and lining of the stomach, to name a few.

Cuboidal Tissue

Contains a nucleus and cell membrane. It is square shaped. This is found in the lining of small tubes throughout the body, including the tear ducts, small ducts in the kidneys, and small tubes in the ovaries.

Bone

Contains matrix, lacunae, nucleus, and Haversian canal.

What does this structure contain and why is it important?

DNA, it is the genetic composition of the cell.

Sea Star Eggs

Each egg is one cell.

Human Sperm

Each sperm is one cell.

(A.T)-(Adipose)

Fat storage tissue.

How are human blood cells different from frog blood cells?

Frog blood cells have a nucleus and human blood cells do not.

Skeletal Muscle Cells

Has striations. Relax= Come apart. Flex= Get smaller/tight. two different cell parts can be seen.

Paramecium Bursaria

Has tiny hair-like cilia.

(B.T.)-Lacunae

Holes in the matrix, each one holding a bone cell. Singular: Lacuna. Lacunae in bone tissue appear as small black dots. The bone cells sitting in the lacunae are not usually visible.

(C.T.)-Lacunae

Holes in the matrix, each one holding a cartilage cell. Singular: Lacuna. Lacunae in cartilage tissue, as well as the cartilage cells sitting in the lacunae, are easily visible on our prepared cartilage slides.

Adipose Cells

Irregular shape. Provides insolation. Pushed to the side to maximize space for fat storage.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

It is found in the intestines, walls of the stomach, and walls of blood vessels. It is an involuntary muscle and is slow acting. It is low endurance. i.e. (Digesting food)

What is the specialized function of the adipose cells?

It stores fat (energy storage/warmth in cold) which is why cells are pushed off to the side.

Eukaryotic

Larger, more complex. (i.e. Bone tissues, nerve and blood cells, humans, helicon plant, venus fly trap, mold, cape porcupine.)

Normal Human Blood Cells

Look like cheerios or donuts. It contains a cell membrane and cytoplasm.

Bone Cells

Matrix is on cell looking part.

They also contain several membrane bound organelles, including:

Mitochondria= Site of cellular RSP and is called the "Power House" of the cell.

Animal Tissue

Multicellular organism= multiple cells.

Sickle Red Blood Cell

Not optimized shape. Can get stuck in RBC. Cannot carry as much O2 and CO2.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue (Faint Striations)

Nuclei= The purple dots. This is found only in the heart. It is involuntary and fast acting and has high endurance.

What is a main distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

All Eukaryotic Cells Have:

Nucleus= Contains the genetic information. Ribosomes= For protein synthesis. Cytoplasm= Jelly-like fluid inside the cell. Cell Membrane= Encloses cell contents: DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic ANIMAL cells have: EVERYTHING that all eukaryotic cells have, plus 1 more membrane bound organelle:

Nucleus= Contains the genetic information. Ribosomes= For protein synthesis. Cytoplasm= Jelly-like fluid inside the cell. Cell Membrane= Encloses cell contents: DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. Lysosomes: Contain digestives enzymes.

Eukaryotic PLANT cells have: EVERYTHING that all eukaryotic cells have, plus 2 more membrane bound organelles:

Nucleus= Contains the genetic information. Ribosomes= For protein synthesis. Cytoplasm= Jelly-like fluid inside the cell. Cell Membrane= Encloses cell contents: DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. Vacuoles= Used mainly for water storage but also stores waste for the cell. Chloroplast= For photosynthesis. Also, Cell Wall= Protects and gives shape to the cell.

How are these two specimens different?

One is unicellular and the other is a multicellular organism.

Paramecium caudatum

One of the largest species of Paramecium.

How can you differentiate between plants cells and animal cells?

Plant cells have a cell wall and have a defined, distinct shape. Animal cells have no cell wall and have an irregular shape.

Again Structural Similarities and Differences

Plant cells have a cell wall, no lysosomes, chloroplasts, central vacuole, and regular shapes. Animal cells have no cell wall, lysosomes, no chloroplasts, no central vacuole, and irregular shapes.

Structural Similarities and Differences

Prokaryotic cells are smaller, most have a cell wall, and a nucleoid. Eukaryotic cells are larger, plants cells have a cell wall and animal cells have no cell wall, and they have a nucleus.

Red Blood Cell

Shape is optimized and it transports O2+CO2

Prokaryotic

Smaller, less complex (i.e. amoeba, ostrich egg.)

Syringia Leaf

Some of the cells are arranged in pairs on either side of a pore (opening). The cells are called guard cells. The pore is called the stoma. The function of the pore is to sometimes open and close for water. It also performs gas exchange within the plant.

Cartilage

Space=Lacuna. Blueberry=cell. Substance around cells=blue/pink is the matrix. 1 cell sitting in a lacuna.

(C.T.)-Cartilage

Strong but flexible connective tissue. Found in various places throughout the body including the external portions of the ear, the end of the nose, and at the joints.

How are the sperm cells specialized, in terms of their structure, to perform their specific function?

The flagellum aids in their travel and transportation to the egg.

Pine Needle l.s.

The pine needle is cut the long way which is called longitudinal section, or l.s. There are 4 different types of cells and 4 different types of tissues in it.

What is noticeable about the difference in size of the sea star eggs vs. the human sperm?

The star fish egg is larger than that of the sperm cells.

Abnormal Human Blood Cells (Sickled Cells)

These cells are from an individual suffering from sickle cell anemia.

How are Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium Bursaria the same? // How are they different?

They both have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and cilia. // The caudate is larger and their shapes are a little varied. Bursar is more football shaped.

What two things do bone tissue and cartilage tissue have in common?

They both have lacunae with cells inside.

What is the special function of RBC's?

They carry oxygen and carbon dioxide by their donut shape to the lungs. The primary function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs. A red blood cell has what is known as a biconcave shape. Both sides of the cell's surface curve inward like the interior of a sphere. This shape aids in a red blood cell's ability to maneuver through tiny blood vessels to deliver oxygen to organs and tissues. Red blood cells are also important in determining human blood type.

Why is it important to plants to have a large central vacuole?

They store water in case of a drought. They hold material waste and provide support for growing. If a plant is dripping, the vacuole is shrinking. It helps with protection and maintained rigidity.

Striated Muscle Tissue

This is found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, these appear as horizontal lines when looking at a longitudinal section of muscle. They are formed by the regular overlapping of proteins involved in the contraction and relaxation of a muscle cell. Voluntary. Fast acting. Low endurance.

Squamous Tissue

This is irregularly shaped, flattened cells. It is found in the lining inside of the mouth. Many layers of squamous epithelium form the outer portion of my skin.

Pine Needle c.s. (single-needle leaf)

This is the same kind of pine needle, but it has been cut cross-wise. This is called a cross section, or c.s. It is very intricate.

Skeletal

This type is attached to bones and is under voluntary control. The biceps, triceps, quads, and hamstrings are all commonly known skeletal muscles. It is also found in my tongue and around my eyes and is responsible for the many facial expressions made. Voluntary. Fast acting. Low endurance.

Paramecium multimicronucleatum

Unicellular organism=One cell.

Inside lacuna is...

the cell.