cells unit 2: cell division and genetics

telophase 1

1. 2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair. 2. When the cells split and then enter into phase 2 of meiosis

anaphase

1. 3rd phase of mitosis 2. the chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and move in opposite

punnett square

1. A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross 2. model for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross, or mating

DNA

1. A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. 2. deoxyribonucleic acid

natural selection

1. A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. 2. survival of the fittest

telophase 2

1. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs, producing four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes. 2. The second part of meiosis in which the cells split into 4 haploids

RNA

1. A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages 2. single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

heterozygous

1. An organism that has two different alleles for a trait 2. having two different alleles for a given gene

homozygous

1. An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait 2. two identical alleles

genotype

1. An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. 2. the complete set of genes in an individual

phenotype

1. An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. 2. physical appearance of an organism

variation

1. Any difference between individuals of the same species. 2. differences between members of the same species

traits

1. Characteristics that are inherited 2. a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.

prophase 1

1. Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs. 2. first stage of cell division in meiosis

egg

1. Female sex cell 2. female reproductive cell

prophase 2

1. In meiosis is similar to prophase of mitosis. It is characterize by Chromatin get condensed and thickened to form chromosomes. Both the chromatids get separate but are attached to each other at a point called centromere or primary constriction. Centioles now begins to move towards opposite poles. At the end of prophase nuclear membrane breaks and nucleolus, golgicomplex and endo plasmic reticulum get disappeared. Cytoplasm becomes more viscous and refractive. 2. during meiosis, the cells begin to split a second time to produce haploid cells

parent generation

1. P generation where all the offspring get their traits from, The first generation of a cross. 2. the first breeding male and female pair in sexual reproduction

metaphase 1

1. Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell 2. second stage of cell division in meiosis

anaphase 1

1. Part of meiosis in where the cell is copying and splitting 2. begins when the two chromosomes of each bivalent (tetrad) separate and start moving toward opposite poles of the cell as a result of the action of the spindle.

fertilization

1. Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell 2. the joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell

offspring

1. Product of reproduction, a new organism produced by one or more parents 2. a new organism that is the product of reproduction

metaphase 2

1. The chromosomes become arranged on the metaphase plate, much as the chromosomes do in mitosis, and are attached to the now fully formed spindle. 2. during meiosis, the cells begin to split a second time to produce haploid cells

cytokinesis 2

1. The last step of division in meiosis 2. The end project is 4 haploid cells

asexual reproduction

1. a cell makes a copy of itself to make an offspring 2. examples include budding and regeneration

diploid

1. a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes 2. containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

budding

1. a new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent 2. asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism

pure bred

1. another name for homozygous dominant. All children look like the parent if it is this. 2. not a mixed breed

mutation

1. change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information 2. a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

cytokinesis

1. division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells 2. 2 separate cells that are an exact copy of each other

environment

1. every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us 2. the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life

zygote

1. fertilized egg cell 2. a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

telephase

1. final stage of mitosis 2. plasma membranes pinch along the midline 2 new cells can be seen; What phase does DNA replicate itself

allele

1. form of a gene 2. one of a number of different forms of a gene

sperm

1. male sex cell 2. the male reproductive cell

dominant gene

1. member of a gene pair that controls the appearance of a certain trait 2. inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic

haploid

1. no pairs - half of a set from a parent 2. term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes

filial generation

1. offspring generation(s) of a genetic cross; abbreviated F1, F2, and so on 2. offspring

mitosis

1. part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides 2. cell division

meiosis

1. sexual reproduction 2. haploid cells are formed - half the chromosomes from each parent cell

regeneration

1. the ability of certain animals to regrow missing body parts 2. replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

prophase

1. the first stage of mitosis 2. Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

interphase

1. the first stage of the cell cycle 2. the stage the cell is in before meiosis begins

selective breeding

1. the human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits 2. the breeding of organisms for desired characteristics

hybrids

1. the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits 2. crosses between parents with different traits

heredity

1. the passing of traits from parents to offspring 2. the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring

genetics

1. the scientific study of heredity 2. the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring

metaphase

1. the second stage of mitosis 2. phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell or the middle

interphase

1. the stage of the cell cycle that takes place before cell division occurs 2. where a cell spends most of its life

anaphase 2

1. the third stage in meiosis II. It is the stage after metaphase II, which is that phase wherein the chromosomes are at the equatorial plane and spindle fibers are attached to the kinetochores. 3. The third stage in cell division in meiosis

chromosomes

1. threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes 2. the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell

sexual reproduction

1. type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism 2. sperm and egg join to make a zygote during fertilization

recessive gene

1.Gene that is hidden when the dominant gene is present 2. gene that is expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene