Cellular Respiration, THE MITOCHONDRIA IS THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
A calorie is equal to
a kilocalorie
Most organisms perform fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to_____
lactic acid
builds up in muscles during physical activity
lactic acid (fermentation)
the best electron acceptor
oxygen
Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue by providing the ________needed to accept high-energy electrons.
NAD+
What are three main sources of ATP available for human muscle cells?
ATP already in muscles, ATP from cellular respiration and ATP from lactic acid fermentation
_________ fermentation gives off carbon dioxide and is used in making bread.
Alcoholic
Why are aerobic forms of exercise so beneficial for weight control?
The body stores energy in the form of carbohydrate glycogen. This provides enough energy for about 20 minutes of activity after that the body breaks down other stored molecules including fats for energy
Why is it an investment for the cell to use two ATP at the beginning of glycolysis?
You get 4 ATP in the end which is a gain of 2 ATP
The pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen are said to be ________. Pathways that do not require oxygen are said to be _______
aerobic anerobic
important in baking bread
alcoholic fermentation
calorie
amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celcius
Fermentation is an _________process.
anaerobic
emzyme
breaks down food molecules
What causes humans to become lactic acid fermenters?
brief periods without oxygen will cause many cells to produce ATP by lactic acid fermentation
advantages of glycolysis
can produce thousands of ATP molecules in milliseconds
advantages of fermentation
can release energy w/o oxygen
products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water & energy
Reactants in photosynthesis
carbon dioxide, water and light
In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is in the _____
cell membrane
_____________ takes place in nearly all life.
cellular respiration
opposite of photosynthesis
cellular respiration
Location of reactions in photosynthesis
chloroplasts
Fermentation occurs in the ___________ of cells.
cytoplasm
where in the cell do the glycolysis reactions take place
cytoplasm
Photosynthesis ___________energy in Earth's "savings account" for living organisms.
deposits
If cellular respiration took place in just one step, most of the __________ would be lost in the form of light and __________
energy heat
takes place in cytoplasm (1)
glycolysis
Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called ___________ , which takes place in the ______________ of the cell.
glycolysis cytoplasm
three main stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
Cellular respiration continues in the _________ of the cell with the ___________and electron transport chain.
mitochondria Krebs cycle
NAD+
molecule typically converted from NADH; electron carrier
___________serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.
oxygen
any time a cell's demand for energy increases its use of _______ increases
oxygen
you will faint if you have no _____.
oxygen
reactants in cellular respiration
oxygen & glucose
cellular respiration formula in words:
oxygen + glucose -----> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
cellular respiration only works if:
oxygen is available
ATP synthases produce the force needed to add one ____________to each ADP molecule by spinning when hydrogen ions flow through them.
phosphate group
The equation that summarizes cellular respiration, using chemical formulas, is
6O2+C6H12O6---6CO2+6H2O+Energy
Cells use the energy stored in chemical bonds of foods to produce compounds that directly power the cell's activities, such as ____________
ATP
Overall reaction for cellular respiration
6O2+C6H12O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Location of reactions in cellular respiration
cytoplasm, mitochondria
A calorie is a unit of __________
energy
requires oxygen & glucose
glycolysis
the first set of reactions in cellular respiration
glycolysis
The transfer of high-energy electrons down the electron transport chain causes _____ to be transported across the mitochondrial membrane.
hydrogen ions
produces 2 ATP molescules & pyruvic acid
lactic acid fermentation
reason runners breathe heavily after a race
lactic acid fermentation
disadvantages of cellular respiration
much slower than glycolysis or fermentation
The energy flow in photosynthesis and cellular respiration occurs in the ________ direction.
opposite
Cellular respiration removes __________ from the air.
oxygen
electron transport chain
uses energy from Krebs Cycle (high energy electrons) to make ATP & ADP
aerobic
with oxygen
The Calorie used on food labels is equal to _________ calories.
1000
A runner needs more energy for a longer race. How does the body generate the necessary ATP?
Cellular respiration is the only way to generate more ATP
another name for the Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
Why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over?
To clear the body of lactic acid and to replace the oxygen debt
Besides glucose, what other kinds of molecules can be used to produce ATP in cellular respiration?
lipids, proteins and complex carbohydrates that can be broken down into glucose
cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of _______
oxygen
what is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food
cellular respiration
process of releasing energy slowly through the process of slow production of ATP
reactants in fermentation
pyruvic acid & NADH
Function of cellular respiration
withdraws, releases energy
Function of photosynthesis
energy capture
cells can use _________________ for food
fats, proteins, carbohydrates
Where do organisms get energy?
food
Reactants in cellular respiration
glucose and oxygen
reactants in glycolysis
glucose, 2 ATP
Reactants of Fermentation
glucose, 2 pyruvic acid, NADH an ATP
Carbs and fats contain _____ calories of energy per gram, white fats contain ________ calories per gram
4000, 9000
Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain are ___________
aerobic
pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen are said to be ___________
aerobic
Glycolysis is ___________
anaerobic
anaerobic
without oxygen
At the end of glycolysis, about _________ percent of the chemical energy is locked in the bonds of the ___________ molecule.
90 pyruvic acid
products of glycolysis
4 ATP, NADH & pyruvic acid
How many ATP are used (changed to ADP) in the first half of glycolysis
2
glycolysis has a __ ATP net gain.
2
how many molecules of pyretic acid are made from a single molecule of glucose
2
what is the net gain of ATP for glycolysis
2
Products of Fermentation
2 ethyl alcohol and 2 lactic acid
how many ATP are made from ADP in the second half of glycolysis
4
_____________ provides the pyruvic acid molecules used in fermentation.
Glycolysis
In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is composed of a series of electron carriers located in the ___________ of the mitochondrion.
Inner membrane
Where does the heat that warms your body come from? Explain your answer.
It comes from cellular respiration that takes place in the body. This process represents 36% of the total energy of glucose and the rest is released as heat
How many ATP molecules per glucose molecule does a cell gain from each of the three stages of cellular respiration?
It gains 2 ATP from glycolysis, 2ATP's from the Krebs cycle and 32 ATP's from the electron transport chain
Why is cellular respiration considered an efficient process?
It produces 36 ATP molecules
What are two advantages of glycolysis?
It quickly supplies energy to cells when oxygen is not available.
A Calorie is also referred to as a
Kilocalorie
takes place in mitochondrion (2)
Krebs Cycle & electron transport chain
During a race, how do your muscle cells produce ATP after the store of ATP in muscles is used?
Lactic acid fermentation
products of fermentation
NAD+, alcohol, carbon dioxide & lactic acid
what molecule stores the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) removed from glucose in glycolysis
NADH
__________and ______ pass high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
NADH and FADH2
carbon dioxide, water and light
Products of cellular respiration
glucose and oxygen
Products of photosynthesis
glycolysis
process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
disadvantages of fermentation
produces ATP for only 20-30 seconds because the lactic acid causes a painful side effect(s)
Function of Fermentation
produces energy without oxygen
disadvantages of glycolysis
quickly fills all available NAD+ molecules, then stops; limited by NAD+
fermentation
releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen
Krebs Cycle
releasing energy through the process of pyruvic acid entering the mitochondria in a cell
what happens to the pyruvate molecules after glycolysis
sent to mitochondria
what is the literal meaning of the word glycolysis
sugar splitting
advantages of cellular respiration
sustains energy production much longer than glycolysis or fermentation
what is cellular respiration?
the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen