Cellular Respiration, THE MITOCHONDRIA IS THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

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A calorie is equal to

a kilocalorie

Most organisms perform fermentation using a chemical reaction that converts pyruvic acid to_____

lactic acid

builds up in muscles during physical activity

lactic acid (fermentation)

the best electron acceptor

oxygen

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue by providing the ________needed to accept high-energy electrons.

NAD+

What are three main sources of ATP available for human muscle cells?

ATP already in muscles, ATP from cellular respiration and ATP from lactic acid fermentation

_________ fermentation gives off carbon dioxide and is used in making bread.

Alcoholic

Why are aerobic forms of exercise so beneficial for weight control?

The body stores energy in the form of carbohydrate glycogen. This provides enough energy for about 20 minutes of activity after that the body breaks down other stored molecules including fats for energy

Why is it an investment for the cell to use two ATP at the beginning of glycolysis?

You get 4 ATP in the end which is a gain of 2 ATP

The pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen are said to be ________. Pathways that do not require oxygen are said to be _______

aerobic anerobic

important in baking bread

alcoholic fermentation

calorie

amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celcius

Fermentation is an _________process.

anaerobic

emzyme

breaks down food molecules

What causes humans to become lactic acid fermenters?

brief periods without oxygen will cause many cells to produce ATP by lactic acid fermentation

advantages of glycolysis

can produce thousands of ATP molecules in milliseconds

advantages of fermentation

can release energy w/o oxygen

products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water & energy

Reactants in photosynthesis

carbon dioxide, water and light

In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is in the _____

cell membrane

_____________ takes place in nearly all life.

cellular respiration

opposite of photosynthesis

cellular respiration

Location of reactions in photosynthesis

chloroplasts

Fermentation occurs in the ___________ of cells.

cytoplasm

where in the cell do the glycolysis reactions take place

cytoplasm

Photosynthesis ___________energy in Earth's "savings account" for living organisms.

deposits

If cellular respiration took place in just one step, most of the __________ would be lost in the form of light and __________

energy heat

takes place in cytoplasm (1)

glycolysis

Cellular respiration begins with a pathway called ___________ , which takes place in the ______________ of the cell.

glycolysis cytoplasm

three main stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

Cellular respiration continues in the _________ of the cell with the ___________and electron transport chain.

mitochondria Krebs cycle

NAD+

molecule typically converted from NADH; electron carrier

___________serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.

oxygen

any time a cell's demand for energy increases its use of _______ increases

oxygen

you will faint if you have no _____.

oxygen

reactants in cellular respiration

oxygen & glucose

cellular respiration formula in words:

oxygen + glucose -----> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

cellular respiration only works if:

oxygen is available

ATP synthases produce the force needed to add one ____________to each ADP molecule by spinning when hydrogen ions flow through them.

phosphate group

The equation that summarizes cellular respiration, using chemical formulas, is

6O2+C6H12O6---6CO2+6H2O+Energy

Cells use the energy stored in chemical bonds of foods to produce compounds that directly power the cell's activities, such as ____________

ATP

Overall reaction for cellular respiration

6O2+C6H12O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Location of reactions in cellular respiration

cytoplasm, mitochondria

A calorie is a unit of __________

energy

requires oxygen & glucose

glycolysis

the first set of reactions in cellular respiration

glycolysis

The transfer of high-energy electrons down the electron transport chain causes _____ to be transported across the mitochondrial membrane.

hydrogen ions

produces 2 ATP molescules & pyruvic acid

lactic acid fermentation

reason runners breathe heavily after a race

lactic acid fermentation

disadvantages of cellular respiration

much slower than glycolysis or fermentation

The energy flow in photosynthesis and cellular respiration occurs in the ________ direction.

opposite

Cellular respiration removes __________ from the air.

oxygen

electron transport chain

uses energy from Krebs Cycle (high energy electrons) to make ATP & ADP

aerobic

with oxygen

The Calorie used on food labels is equal to _________ calories.

1000

A runner needs more energy for a longer race. How does the body generate the necessary ATP?

Cellular respiration is the only way to generate more ATP

another name for the Krebs Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle

Why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over?

To clear the body of lactic acid and to replace the oxygen debt

Besides glucose, what other kinds of molecules can be used to produce ATP in cellular respiration?

lipids, proteins and complex carbohydrates that can be broken down into glucose

cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of _______

oxygen

what is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food

cellular respiration

process of releasing energy slowly through the process of slow production of ATP

reactants in fermentation

pyruvic acid & NADH

Function of cellular respiration

withdraws, releases energy

Function of photosynthesis

energy capture

cells can use _________________ for food

fats, proteins, carbohydrates

Where do organisms get energy?

food

Reactants in cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

reactants in glycolysis

glucose, 2 ATP

Reactants of Fermentation

glucose, 2 pyruvic acid, NADH an ATP

Carbs and fats contain _____ calories of energy per gram, white fats contain ________ calories per gram

4000, 9000

Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain are ___________

aerobic

pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen are said to be ___________

aerobic

Glycolysis is ___________

anaerobic

anaerobic

without oxygen

At the end of glycolysis, about _________ percent of the chemical energy is locked in the bonds of the ___________ molecule.

90 pyruvic acid

products of glycolysis

4 ATP, NADH & pyruvic acid

How many ATP are used (changed to ADP) in the first half of glycolysis

2

glycolysis has a __ ATP net gain.

2

how many molecules of pyretic acid are made from a single molecule of glucose

2

what is the net gain of ATP for glycolysis

2

Products of Fermentation

2 ethyl alcohol and 2 lactic acid

how many ATP are made from ADP in the second half of glycolysis

4

_____________ provides the pyruvic acid molecules used in fermentation.

Glycolysis

In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is composed of a series of electron carriers located in the ___________ of the mitochondrion.

Inner membrane

Where does the heat that warms your body come from? Explain your answer.

It comes from cellular respiration that takes place in the body. This process represents 36% of the total energy of glucose and the rest is released as heat

How many ATP molecules per glucose molecule does a cell gain from each of the three stages of cellular respiration?

It gains 2 ATP from glycolysis, 2ATP's from the Krebs cycle and 32 ATP's from the electron transport chain

Why is cellular respiration considered an efficient process?

It produces 36 ATP molecules

What are two advantages of glycolysis?

It quickly supplies energy to cells when oxygen is not available.

A Calorie is also referred to as a

Kilocalorie

takes place in mitochondrion (2)

Krebs Cycle & electron transport chain

During a race, how do your muscle cells produce ATP after the store of ATP in muscles is used?

Lactic acid fermentation

products of fermentation

NAD+, alcohol, carbon dioxide & lactic acid

what molecule stores the high-energy electrons (and hydrogen) removed from glucose in glycolysis

NADH

__________and ______ pass high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

NADH and FADH2

carbon dioxide, water and light

Products of cellular respiration

glucose and oxygen

Products of photosynthesis

glycolysis

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

disadvantages of fermentation

produces ATP for only 20-30 seconds because the lactic acid causes a painful side effect(s)

Function of Fermentation

produces energy without oxygen

disadvantages of glycolysis

quickly fills all available NAD+ molecules, then stops; limited by NAD+

fermentation

releases energy from food in the absence of oxygen

Krebs Cycle

releasing energy through the process of pyruvic acid entering the mitochondria in a cell

what happens to the pyruvate molecules after glycolysis

sent to mitochondria

what is the literal meaning of the word glycolysis

sugar splitting

advantages of cellular respiration

sustains energy production much longer than glycolysis or fermentation

what is cellular respiration?

the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen


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