Cellular Response

Which person would be at risk for cellular atrophy? A person who is six months pregnant A person with an enlarged prostate A person with an abnormal PAP smear result A person with a stroke who can't use the right arm

A person with a stroke who can't use the right arm A person who cannot use the right arm will develop cellular atrophy in that limb.

Which finding indicates that a person has gangrene, instead of an infarction, in a lower extremity wound? Bacteria in the wound Tissue ischemia Amputation not required Dead tissue replaced with scar tissue

Bacteria in the wound Bacteria in a wound that has experienced cell death leads to gangrene.

Order the factors in the process of tissue ischemia, starting from the initial step.

Blockage in artery Decreased oxygenation Decreased cellular metabolism Vital organs becoming hypoxic ATP production inhibited Failure of sodium pump causing cells to enlarge and rupture Tissue ischemia is caused by a blockage in an artery, which causes decreased blood supply to tissues. This diminishes the amount of oxygen available to tissues and results in decreased cellular metabolism. The brain, heart, and kidney become hypoxic due to an oxygen deficit. This prevents energy (ATP) production, leading to a failure of the sodium pump, which traps sodium in the cell. This causes water to follow and the cell enlarges and bursts.

Which type of cellular damage would occur in a person with tuberculosis? Infarction Gangrene Apoptosis Caseous necrosis

Caseous necrosis Caseous necrosis occurs in a person with tuberculosis that presents as a thick yellow cheesy substance.

Which statement indicates cell death from apoptosis as opposed to necrosis? Cellular contents are released into circulation. A cavity forms inside the mass and fills with liquid. Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids. Cells disintegrate and are autodigested.

Cells disintegrate and are autodigested. Apoptosis is the process of breaking down cells by disintegration and autodigestion. This prevents the release of cellular contents into circulation.

Which condition occurs as a result of cellular death? Select all that apply. Cells lysis Lactic acidosis Tissue ischemia Release of lysosomal enzymes Nucleus disintegration

Cells lysis When cells die, the cell membrane breaks apart. Release of lysosomal enzymes Cellular death causes the contents, including lysosomal enzymes and electrolytes, to be released into circulation. Nucleus disintegration When cells die, it causes the nucleus to disintegrate.

Which occurs when cells are deprived of oxygen? Cells produce free radicals. Cells stop producing energy. Cellular contents are altered. The permeability of the cell membrane changes.

Cells stop producing energy. Cells require oxygen to produce energy, so when there is an oxygen deficit, energy is not produced.

A person has developed a blockage in an artery that brings blood to the foot and has impaired circulation with severe cell injury. The person undergoes surgical repair that is successful. Which happens to the cells that were injured? They will die. DNA will change. Free radicals will form. Cells will repair themselves.

Cells will repair themselves. Cells that were oxygen deprived will repair themselves and return to normal function when an oxygenated blood supply is re-established.

Which changes describe the end result of cellular adaption? Changes to the cell temperature Changes in the metabolism of ATP Changes in structure and function of DNA Changes to the cell membrane permeability

Changes in structure and function of DNA When cells try to adapt, it results in changes to the structure and function of DNA.

Which type of cellular death is associated with changes to cellular proteins? Apoptosis Gangrene Infarction Coagulative necrosis

Coagulative necrosis Coagulative necrosis alters cellular proteins, and they congeal after death.

Which cellular growth pattern would be expected due to an increased workload on the heart? Anaplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy When cells must work harder to perform a function, they enlarge, or hypertrophy.

Which statements describe the changes that occur with hypertrophy as opposed to hyperplasia? Hypertrophy causes an increase in cell size. Hypertrophy is caused by elevated hormone levels. Hypertrophic cells can cause an increased risk of cancer formation. Hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, produce an increase in the number of cells. Hypertrophy occurs from an increased workload on the tissues.

Hypertrophy causes an increase in cell size. Hypertrophy is when cells become larger.

Match the factor with the cause of cellular damage.

Invades or damages the cells Microorganisms Result of genetic defects or inborn errors of metabolism Abnormal accumulation of metabolites in the cells Changes the permeability of the cellular membrane Chemical toxins Alters cellular contents and changes the DNA Radiation exposure

Which conditions force a cell to adapt? Select all that apply. Metabolic changes Decreased ATP levels Increased cellular pH Increased body weight Decreased oxygenation

Metabolic changes Changes in a person's metabolism would necessitate a cell to adapt to its new environment. An example would be a change in metabolism due to environmental temperature changes. Decreased ATP levels Lowered ATP levels would force the cell to adapt. An example is a person whose oral intake has decreased significantly. This patient's cells would have to adapt. Increased cellular pH Increases in cellular pH would require adaptation. An example would be a person who is hyperventilating and who would have a change in pH levels. Decreased oxygenation Changes in oxygen levels can force a cell to adapt to the hypoxic environment by conserving cellular processes.

A healthcare provider is caring for a person with an inborn error of metabolism. Which would be an expected finding? Fever Bacterial infection Nutritional deficits Metabolite accumulation in the cells

Metabolite accumulation in the cells Inborn errors of metabolism can lead to metabolite accumulation in the cells.

A person who has smoked one pack of cigarettes a day for 40 years is at risk for which type of cell growth pattern? Atrophy Metaplasia Hyperplasia Hypertrophy

Metaplasia Cigarette smoking causes metaplasia cell growth patterns due to carcinogens.

Which statement best describes a benign neoplasm? Caused by carcinogen exposure Happens due to an increased workload Non-cancerous lesion that does not spread Reversible cellular change from a vitamin A deficiency

Non-cancerous lesion that does not spread A benign neoplasm is a non-cancerous lesion that does not spread, such as a mole on the skin.

Which is an example of hypoxia? The brain receiving less oxygen A blood clot in a femoral vein Arteries hardening and narrowing in diameter A wound getting worse due to poor blood supply

The brain receiving less oxygen Hypoxia happens from a lack of oxygen due to any cause.

Which would be an expected cellular finding in a person who had a myocardial infarction due to a clot blocking a vessel? The cells will die. The cells will repair themselves. The DNA of the cells will change. The cells will change their function.

The cells will die. The cells will die due to lack of oxygen supply.

Which abnormal cell growth pattern may occur as a result of pregnancy? Atrophy Dysplasia Hyperplasia Neoplasia

hyperplasia Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells which happens during pregnancy.